Effect of pH and CO2 concentration changes on lipids and fatty acids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Castelli, A; Littarru, Gian Paolo; Barbaresi, Giuliano

doi:10.1007/bf00414661

Cited by 200 publications

(243 citation statements)

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“…Nevertheless, besides the strong hydrophobic and lipophilic nature of both clotrimazole and miconazole, reports from our laboratory and others, indicating potent membrane activity of the two drugs against susceptible organisms as well as lecithin (egg) liposomes (9,12,14), suggest the possibility that the antagonism may result from interaction between the antagonist of ipid nature and the drug to form inactive complexes. However, it cannot be ruled out that the imidazole drugs may inhibit biosynthesis of some essential unsaturated fatty acids and/or unsaturated lipids in fungal cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Antagonistic Action of Lipid Components of Membranes from Candida albicans and Various Other Lipids on Two Imidazole Antimycotics, Clotrimazole and Miconazole

Yamaguchi

1977

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The growth-inhibitory activity of two imidazole antimycotics, clotrimazole and miconazole, against Candida albicans was significantly reversed when lipid extracts from protoplast membranes of the same organism were added to the assay medium together with the drugs. Of four major classes of lipids further separated from them, viz., phospholipids, triglycerides, sterol esters, and free sterols, the former two were capable of counteracting both drugs, whereas the latter two were not. However, even with phospholipids or triglycerides, no antagonism was noted when they were saturated by catalytic hydrogenation before use. The antagonistic effect of varying classes of commercial lipids, including phospholipids, acylglycerides, sterols, and fatty acids, was also studied by means of the agar diffusion technique. Significant antagonism to both drugs was observed with: (i) phospholipids with an unsaturated acyl group; (ii) acylglycerides, the ester portion of which consists of unsaturated fatty acid; (iii) ultraviolet-activated sterols; and (iv) unsaturated fatty acids of cis-configuration. By contrast, none of the saturated phospholipids and acylglycerides nor sterols was effective as an antagonist. With the exception only of lauric acid, all of a series of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated trans-fatty acids ranging from C8 to C18 in chain length were either minimally effective or completely ineffective. Essentially, there was no qualitative difference between clotrimazole and miconazole in the response to these various lipids.Both clotrimazole (Bay b 5097; bis-phenyl-[2-chloro-phenyl]-1-imidazolyl methane) and miconazole (R14889; 1-[2,4-dichloro-(t-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxylphenethyllimidazole nitrate) are promising imidazole antimycotics active against a''wide range of pathogenic fungi. Our previous studies showed that when Candida albicans cells were exposed to relatively high concentrations of clotrimazole, leakage of various types of small molecules was induced, such as K+, amino acids, inorganic phosphate, and nucleotides (19,20,21,34). As with clotrimazole, miconazole also has proved to cause loss of those cellular components from susceptible fungal cells (31). Our current interest is directed to understanding the details of the mechanism of action on membranes ofthese imidazole derivatives. There is a large number of antimicrobial agents which have been demonstrated to have a membrane-active property. However, in no case has the specific site or component in the susceptible membrane that can be involved in the binding and/or the action of a drug been clarified. The only exception is the case of polyene antibiotics which appear to interact preferentially with sterols existing in the membrane of susceptible organisms (24).Early evidence for the interaction between polyenes and sterols was provided by and Lampen et al. (25), who showed that growth-inhibitory and other actions of polyene antibiotics could be offset by sterols in the medium. Results have also been published which showed that certain types of pho...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Antagonistic Action of Lipid Components of Membranes from Candida albicans and Various Other Lipids on Two Imidazole Antimycotics, Clotrimazole and Miconazole

Yamaguchi

1977

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…Further study is necessary to understand the mechanism of pC@ effect on the yeast growth. Castelli et al (1969) reported that a significant increase in the unsaturation percentages was observed in the fatty acid composition of 5. cerevisiue with the increases in pC@ from 19 kPa to 56 kPa at pH 5.5 in a batch cultivation. However.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of pCO2 on yeast growth and metabolism under continuous fermentation

et al. 1993

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The effects of pC% were investigated by changing the aeration rate, the purging gas and the total pressure in a chemostat cultivation. Under glucose supply limitation, an increase in pCO2 from 44 kPa to 195 kPa resulted in 25 % decrease in cell concentration, 8 % increase in ethanol concentration, and 50 % decrease in glycerol concentration. Under oxygen supply limitation, similar dependency of ethanol and glycerol on pC@ was observed, however, no influence of pCO2 on the cell yield was observed. The change in ethanol yield by pC@ appeared to be caused by the equilibrium shift of pyruvate dehydrogenase system. IntroductionThe effects of C@ on yeast growth and metabolism have been studied from various aspects as reviewed by Jones and Greenfield (1982). Increases in pCo;! resulted in decreases in the cell yield and growth rate of yeast Saccharomyces in baker's yeast production (Chen and Gutmanis, 1976) and beer fermentation (Nakatani, et al. 1984;Knatchbull and Slaughter, 1987), although little changes in fermentation activity due to pC@ change were observed. However, no papers have reported about the effects of pC@ on the ethanol yield. Norton and Krauss (1972) showed that the cell growth stopped at 280 kPa of C@ pressure metabolically produced during ethanol fermentation, but a culture pressurized at 280 kPa using N2 gas did not reduce the cell growth rate. On the contrary, Macy and Miller (1983) showed that under stringently controlled anaerobic cultivation, C@ purged culture showed a shorter initial lag than N2 purged culture. These results suggest that the effect of Co;! on cell growth is related to the biological state affected by oxygen, such as the fatty acid composition of the membrane lipid. The effects of C@ on cell physiology reported so far were investigated under batch fermentation, where the concentrations of oxygen and other nutrients changed significantly during the cultivation period.

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“…CO 2 is highly soluble in cellular membrane, as revealed by a water/octanol partition coefficient of 1.3 and experimental studies on model membranes [25,26]. CO 2 accumulation in membranes may modify the membrane lipid and fatty acid composition [27] and then alter the cellular membrane functions [20]. However this effect is not likely to explain the CO 2 inhibitory effect as this effect should then affect the yeast physiology with the same extend in fermentative and oxidative metabolisms contrary to what was observed in controlled cultures [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Quantification of the transient and long-term response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to carbon dioxide stresses of various intensities

Richard

Guillouet

Uribelarrea

2014

Process Biochemistry

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Effect of pH and CO2 concentration changes on lipids and fatty acids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Cited by 200 publications

References 10 publications

Antagonistic Action of Lipid Components of Membranes from Candida albicans and Various Other Lipids on Two Imidazole Antimycotics, Clotrimazole and Miconazole

Antagonistic Action of Lipid Components of Membranes from Candida albicans and Various Other Lipids on Two Imidazole Antimycotics, Clotrimazole and Miconazole

The effects of pCO2 on yeast growth and metabolism under continuous fermentation

Quantification of the transient and long-term response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to carbon dioxide stresses of various intensities

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