Effect of Personal Factors, Family Support, Pocket Money, and Peer Group, on Smoking Behavior in Adolescents in Surakarta, Central Java

Abstract

Background: According to WHO and Global Youth Tobacco Survey, Indonesia is the third largest country with current smokers in the world, including young smokers. It is widely known that smoking is hazardous to health and detrimental to economy. Surakarta is one of the major cities in Central Java where the prevalence of current smokers has been increasing among adolescents. This study aimed to determine the effect of personal factors, family support, pocket money, and peer group, on smoking behavior in adolescents in Surakarta, Central Java. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study using cross-sectional design. This study was carried out in 5 sub-districts in Surakarta, Central java, from February to March 2017. A sample of 50 adolescent smokers and 150 adolescent non-smokers was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was current smoking status. The independent variables were cigarette availability, peer-group, family support, pocket money, cigarette advertisement, attitude toward smoking, subjective norm, perceived preventive behavioral control, and intention. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire. The data were analyzed by path analysis. Results: Smoking behavior was affected by strong intention (b= 3.7; 95% CI=2.5 to 4.9; p<0.001), and weak perceived behavioral control (b=3.1; 95% CI= 1.7 to 4.5; p<0.001). Intention to smoke was affected by weak perceived preventive behavioral control (b= 2.1; 95% CI= 1.1 to 3.2; p<0.001), weak preventive subjective norm (b= 1.8; 95% CI= 0.7 to 2.9; p= 0.001), negative attitude (b= 1.9; 95% CI= 0.8 to 2.9; p<0.001), and exposure to cigarette advertisement (b= 1.6; 95% CI= 0.5 to 2.6; p= 0.004). Weak perceived preventive behavioral control was affected by pocket money ≥ Rp 10.000 (b= 1.3; 95% CI= 0.5 to 2.0; p= 0.001). Weak preventive subjective norm was affected by weak family support (b= 2.1; 95% CI= 1.3 to 2.8; p<0.001) and smoker peer-group (b= 1.4; 95% CI= 0.6 to 2.1; p<0.001). Cigarette advertisement was affected by cigarette availability (b= 0.7; 95% CI= 0.1 to 1.3; p= 0.028). Conclusion: Smoking behavior was directly affected by strong intention and weak perceived behavioral control. Smoking behavior was indirectly affected by weak preventive subjective norm, negative attitude, exposure to cigarette advertisement, pocket money ≥ Rp.10.000, weak family support, smoker peer-group, and cigarette availability.

Commercial determinants of youth smoking in ASEAN countries: A narrative review of research investigating the influence of tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship

“…In Vietnam, researchers identified that exposure to tobacco advertising was associated with an increased risk of smoking among school children (13–15 years) 58 . This association was also observed in several Indonesian studies, where exposure to tobacco advertising was associated with current smoking among school students 59 , 60 and youth (11–24 years) 61 . In another Indonesian study, researchers demonstrated that a higher level of exposure to tobacco advertising was associated with increased smoking among adolescent smokers 62 .…”

“…This study reviewed evidence related to how TAPS may influence the smoking attitudes and behaviors of youth in ASEAN countries. Studies clearly indicated that youth in the region were exposed to tobacco advertising [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] , and that exposure was associated with increased risk of smoking susceptibility or uptake [58][59][60][61] , as well as increased cigarette consumption among current smokers 62 . While quantitative studies suggested that school children in ASEAN countries were susceptible to tobacco advertising 68,69 , qualitative and mixed-method studies demonstrated that tobacco advertising might influence youth to form positive attitudes towards smoking and tobacco brandsparticularly around gender norms and smoking [70][71][72] .…”

Students' Level of Financial Support Satisfaction Towards Their Daily Allowance

“…In connection, a counseling strategy was discussed as part of financial education and a source of learning [20]. Some may incur with illegal vices due to uncontrolled pocket money and lack of perceived behavior and counseling [21].…”

Schools Have Contextual Influence on Smoking Behavior among High School Students in Dumai, Riau

“…Social media can function as an effective channel for adolescents to know things easily. Exposure to cigarette advertisements was also intended to give adolescents the intention to smoke indirectly increasing their idea that smoking was something that causes adolescents to have a tendency to smoke (Pandayu et al, 2017).…”

“…In adolescence, peer sensitivity would increase compared to other periods of life (Bruine et al, 2019). The need to be accepted among peers made them willing to do anything including smoking (Pandayu et al, 2017). Research done by Moor et al (2019) showed that adolescents chose friends based on similar behavior during the formation of friendships.…”