Effect of periodontal therapy on salivary enzymatic activity

Abstract

This study determined changes in the levels of enzymes in whole mixed saliva of adults following periodontal therapy including two or more sessions of meticulous periodontal scaling and root planing and 1 g/day of tetracycline‐HCI for 14 days. Clinical variables assessed at baseline and 2 weeks after treatment included Gingival Index, Plaque Index, periodontal pocket depth, and gingival crevicular fluid flow. Subgingival specimens obtained from the deepest periodontal pocket in each quadrant were analyzed for Bacteroides gingivalis and Bacteroides intermedius using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy and for bacterial morphotypes using bright light phase contrast microscopy. The enzymatic profile of unstimulated whole mixed saliva was determined using the API ZYM and API ZYM AP micromethod systems. Periodontal treatment significantly reduced gingival inflammation and the proportions of subgingival black‐pigmented bacteroides and motile organisms. However, the Plaque Index and total salivary bacterial counts remained virtually unchanged. Treatment also resulted in reduced salivary levels of caprylate esteraselipase, leucine, valine, and cystine aminopeptidases, trypsin, β‐galactosidase, β‐glucuronidase, and β‐glucosidase. The present study indicates that the efficacy of periodontal treatment may be readily monitored by changes in levels of activity of specific enzymes in whole saliva.

Development and application of assay for determining β-glucosidase activity in human saliva

“…This relatively low prevalence of human salivary β-glucosidase activity is consistent with the findings of Menguy et al [24] (1 from 5 individuals) and Zambon et al [23] (0 from 5 individuals). The aforementioned study by Walle et al [35] measured the rates of enzymatic hydrolysis in 17 individuals; three individuals showed very high rates (defined by consumption of substrate), one individual showed no hydrolysis and the remainder fell within a range of barely detectable to moderate levels of hydrolysis.…”

“…Most research to date on salivary enzymes, including β-glucosidase, has focused on their role in the diagnosis of periodontal disease [22] and responses to its treatment [23]. Few studies appear on the possible activity and prevalence of β-glucosidase in human saliva.…”

Saliva-Bacterium Interactions in Oral Microbial Ecology

“…In addition, fibronectin mav complex with salivary molecules (possibly cz-amylase) to inhibit epithelial colonization by Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli (Hasty and Simpson, 1987). It is also of interest to note that saliva from individuals with poor oral hygiene or periodontal disease have a variety of hydrolytic enzymes (Gibbons and Etherden, 1986;Nakamura and Slots, 1983;Zambon et al, 1985). Furthermore, several species of oral bacteria, including P. gingivalis, produce proteases capable of degrading fibronectin (Wikstrom and Linde, 1986).…”

“…The fate of a specific salivary component once secreted into the oral cavity depends on its susceptibility to enzymatic attack, especially in the face of the numerous bacterial hydrolytic enzymes present in saliva (Nakamura and Slots, 1983;Zambon et al, (Mandel, 1980); amylase (Aguirre et al, 1987); cystatin (Aguirre et al, 1992); fibronectin (Babu and Dabbous, 1986;Tynelius-Bratthall et al, 1986); histatins (MacKay et al, 1984b); IgG (Cole et aL., 1978;Mandel, 1980); lactoferrin (Mandel, 1980;Rudney et al, 1991); lysozyme (Mandel, 1980;Rudney et al, 1991); MG2 (Aguirre et aL., 1993); f-2-microglobulin (Ericson et al, 1982); parotid agglutinin (Ericson and Rundegren, 1983); proline-rich proteins (Hay and Moreno, 1987;Kousvelari et al, 1980, Aguirre et al, 1993; sigA (Aguirre et al, 1987;Cole et al, 1978;Rudney et al, 1991;Stuchell and Mandel, 1978); statherin (Hay et al, 1984); transferrin (Mandel, 1980 . Unfortunately, little information exists regarding the susceptibility of individual salivary proteins to proteolytic degradation in the oral environment.…”

Biomarkers in Gingival Crevicular Fluid: Review of Literature

“…La saliva y el fluído gingival crevicular (FGC) son fáciles de recolectar y contienen marcadores sistémicos y locales derivados de enfermedad periodontal, y podrían ser la base para la evaluación de biomarcadores para la periodontitis y otras enfermedades sistémicas (6). La naturaleza simple y no invasiva del análisis de la saliva y el FGC pueden ser especialmente beneficiosas en la determinación del estatus actual periodontal y para monitorear la respuesta al tratamiento (7). Algunos estudios han demostrado que la determinación de los niveles de mediadores inflamatorios en fluídos biológicos es un buen indicador de actividad inflamatoria.…”