Effect of perinatal gonadal hormones on selected nonsexual behavior patterns: A critical assessment of the nonhuman and human literature.

Quadagno, David M.; Briscoe, Robert; Quadagno, Jill

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.84.1.62

Cited by 129 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Although our study does not directly assess parental sex typing, it seems unlikely to us that masculinized behavior in CAH girls is largely due to differential parenting behavior by those parents influenced by their daughters' genital virilization, as some investigators have hypothesized (23,24). None of the available data support this hypothesis, regardless of assessment method, e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…However, several authors have argued that in humans sex assignment at birth influences parental attitudes toward the infant and that these social factors are paramount in determining the gender role behavior of the infant and that hormones play only a minor role (23,24). Furthermore, Slijper and colleagues (25) reported that behavior was masculinized in both girls with diabetes mellitus and girls with CAH and concluded that chronic illness strongly influences the development of masculinized behavior in girls.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Behavioral and Physical Masculinization Are Related to Genotype in Girls with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Hall

Jones

Meyer‐Bahlburg

et al. 2004

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

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Girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) exhibit behavioral masculinization. There is controversy about the roles of pre-and postnatal androgens, social factors, and chronic illness in its etiology.To assess the effect of chronic illness, we compared behavioral masculinity in 24 CAH girls and 25 diabetic girls aged 3-12 yr from Manchester using two sensitive questionnaires, and an overall masculinity score M (high ‫؍‬ masculine) was derived.To assess the contributions of pre-and postnatal androgens, the CAH subjects were categorized into genotype groups (G) according to the reported severity of loss of CYP21 function: G1 (n ‫؍‬ 10, null mutations), G2 (n ‫؍‬ 9, intron 2G), G3 (n ‫؍‬ 3, I172N), and G4 (n ‫؍‬ 2, unknown loss of function). In CAH girls, relationships between G, Prader degree of genital masculinization at birth, bone age advance, and M were assessed.CAH girls were less feminine and more masculine than diabetic girls (P < 0.001), who were not significantly different from U.S. controls. Among the CAH girls, those in G1 and 2 were more genitally masculinized than those in G3 and 4 (P < 0.009) and had higher M (P < 0.025). M was negatively correlated with advanced bone age (r ‫؍‬ ؊0.5; P ‫؍‬ 0.02).CAH

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral and Physical Masculinization Are Related to Genotype in Girls with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Hall

Jones

Meyer‐Bahlburg

et al. 2004

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

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“…First, their genitalia are masculinized (as a result of exposure to androgens early in gestation when the genitalia develop), and this may elicit social responses, especially from parents. These responses, especially if they result in different treatment of CAH girls, might then cause the behavioral changes [81]. Second, behavioral changes in CAH may reflect effects of increased androgens continuing into postnatal life.…”

Section: Interpretation Of Findings In Cahmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal sex hormone effects on child and adult sex-typed behavior: methods and findings

Cohen-Bendahan

Beek

Berenbaum

2005

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

485

400

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There is now good evidence that human sex-typed behavior is influenced by sex hormones that are present during prenatal development, confirming studies in other mammalian species. Most of the evidence comes from clinical populations, in which prenatal hormone exposure is atypical for a person's sex, but there is increasing evidence from the normal population for the importance of prenatal hormones. In this paper, we briefly review the evidence, focusing attention on the methods used to study behavioral effects of prenatal hormones. We discuss the promises and pitfalls of various types of studies, including those using clinical populations (concentrating on those most commonly studied, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, androgen insensitivity syndrome, ablatio penis, and cloacal exstrophy), direct measures of hormones in the general population (assayed through umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid, and maternal serum during pregnancy), and indirect measures of hormones in the general population (inferred from intrauterine position and biomarkers such as otoacoustic emissions, finger length ratios, and dermatoglyphic asymmetries). We conclude with suggestions for interpreting and conducting studies of the behavioral effects of prenatal hormones. q

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“…However, it has also been suggested that behavioral changes could result from differential socialization by parents. For example, Quadagno, Briscoe, and Quadagno (1977) suggested that parents may treat their daughters with CAH differently from how they treat their unaffected daughters in response to their masculinized genitalia at birth. More specifically, parents may treat their daughters with CAH more like boys because of their ''boyish'' appearance.…”

Section: Hormonal Theories Of Gender Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal Hormones and Postnatal Socialization by Parents as Determinants of Male‐Typical Toy Play in Girls With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

et al. 2005

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Toy choices of 3‐ to 10‐year‐old children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and of their unaffected siblings were assessed. Also assessed was parental encouragement of sex‐typed toy play. Girls with CAH displayed more male‐typical toy choices than did their unaffected sisters, whereas boys with and without CAH did not differ. Mothers and fathers encouraged sex‐typical toy play in children with and without CAH. However, girls with CAH received more positive feedback for play with girls' toys than did unaffected girls. Data show that increased male‐typical toy play by girls with CAH cannot be explained by parental encouragement of male‐typical toy play. Although parents encourage sex‐appropriate behavior, their encouragement appears to be insufficient to override the interest of girls with CAH in cross‐sexed toys.

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Effect of perinatal gonadal hormones on selected nonsexual behavior patterns: A critical assessment of the nonhuman and human literature.

Cited by 129 publications

References 72 publications

Behavioral and Physical Masculinization Are Related to Genotype in Girls with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Behavioral and Physical Masculinization Are Related to Genotype in Girls with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Prenatal sex hormone effects on child and adult sex-typed behavior: methods and findings

Prenatal Hormones and Postnatal Socialization by Parents as Determinants of Male‐Typical Toy Play in Girls With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

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