Effect of Oral and Maxillofacial Injuries on the Development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Objective: To assess the influence of oral and maxillofacial trauma on the development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and to determine the efficiency of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) as a diagnostic tool for detecting PTSD in patients with Oral and Maxillofacial injuries. Material and Methods: PTSD was assessed one month postoperatively by the diagnostic instrument, IES-R, to arrive at a provisional diagnosis. A structured clinician-administered PTSD Scale then assessed the patients for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th edition (CAPS-5) to establish a final diagnosis. The assessment of the severity of PTSD was done based on various types of oral and maxillofacial injuries. Results: The IES-R scale provisionally diagnosed 54 subjects with PTSD, out of which 42 were diagnosed to have PTSD by the CAPS-5 scale. Subjects with injuries involving the 'orbital complex,' those presenting with a perceptible scar in the maxillofacial region and with multiple avulsed/ luxated anterior teeth, showed a higher affinity to develop PTSD, and this was statistically significant. Conclusion: Higher levels of PTSD in patients with injuries to the maxillofacial region warrants correct diagnosis and detection, and hence the maxillofacial surgeon plays a vital role in this regard. The IES-R is a useful diagnostic tool to detect PTSD early.

Trends of maxillofacial and mandibular fractures in level I and II trauma patients in a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia

“…Fractures of the mandible were most prevalent in SA ( Abdullah et al, 2013 , Al-Bokhamseen et al, 2019 , Samman et al, 2018 ). Injury to the maxillofacial region often leads to other systemic injuries resulting in long-term effects, both functionally and aesthetically ( Nayak et al, 2021 ). Several types of concomitant serious injuries were reviewed in the literature, and traumatic brain injuries were the most prevalent associated with traumatic facial injuries ( Patil et al, 2018 , Scherbaum Eidt et al, 2013 ).…”