Effect of Oil Type, Aliphatic Alcohol, and Ionic Surfactants on the Formation and Stability of Ceramide-2 Enriched Nanoemulsions

Abstract

Oil-in-water nanoemulsions are finding increasing use as delivery systems to encapsulate lipophilic bioactive components in personal care and pharmaceutical. The aim of this study was to optimize the composition and stability of ceramide-2 nanoemulsions. The nanoemulsions were prepared by high pressure homogenizer emulsification method using sodium dilauramidoglutamide lysine (DLGL) as surfactant. Results showed that the oil type and concentration had an appreciable impact on the particle size and stability of the ceramide-2 enriched nanoemulsions. The presence of the aliphatic alcohol altered the curvature of the surfactant molecular and increased the stability of nanoemulsions. The zeta potential of nanoemulsions decreased with the addition of Cetyl trimethyl ammonium Chloride (1631), which weakens the electrostatic interactions between droplets and lowers the stability of the nanoemulsions. The particle size decreased with increasing concentrations of both sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Cocoamidopropyl Betaine (CAB). The variation of zeta potential with SDS and CAB was insignificant, which was attributed to the high zeta potential value resulted from anionic gemini surfactant DLGL. Downloaded by [University of Nebraska, Lincoln] at 22:58 26 August 2015 2The instability mechanism of nanoemulsions was the Ostwald ripening. This study demonstrated that the addition of aliphatic alcohol, SDS or CAB was beneficial to the stability of ceramide-2 nanoemulsions and decreased the Ostwald ripening rate.

Nanoemulsification of Ceramide‐2 by Sodium Dilauramidoglutamide Lysine, a Novel Peptide‐Based Gemini Surfactant

“…The polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan mono-oleate (Tween 80), glycerin and sodium chloride were supplied by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. The water used throughout the experiments was deionized [16].…”

“…Then the coarse emulsion was passed through the homogenization unit for different numbers of passes at various homogenization pressures. After preparation, the nanoemulsions were stored at 25°C for analysis [16].…”

“…Ceramide-2, a double-chain lipid composed of a longchain base and a fatty acid, consists of a highly hydrophobic structure [15,16]. Seven types of ceramides have been reported in the human body, which is a very heterogeneous group of species that differ in both their long-chain bases and fatty acids.…”

“…Furthermore, according to the literature, DLGL is biodegradable and can lead to the accumulation of the compound in the skin, thus enhancing the penetration flux [12][13][14]. Ceramide-2, a double-chain lipid composed of a longchain base and a fatty acid, consists of a highly hydrophobic structure [15,16]. Seven types of ceramides have been reported in the human body, which is a very heterogeneous group of species that differ in both their long-chain bases and fatty acids.…”

“…Seven types of ceramides have been reported in the human body, which is a very heterogeneous group of species that differ in both their long-chain bases and fatty acids. Ceramides are the main stratum corneum lipids, accounting for 40-50 % of total intercellular lipids [16,17]. Stratum corneum is an essential element for our skin because it regulates the trans-epidermal water loss to resist anti-aging, and it displays the barrier function.…”