The ability to rearrange behavior in response to the appearance of danger signals is a necessary condition for an individual's survival. However, the structural and neurochemical mechanisms underlying acute shifts in behavioral programs in response to the appearance of stimuli with high motivational significance have received insufficient study. The brain structures involved in these processes may include the medial sector of the nucleus accumbens (mNA), in the ventral striatal area, which plays an important role in motivation and reinforcement processes [9,17,20]. It has been suggested that the organization of the neural networks of all parts of the striatum, including the mNA, is based on mechanisms supporting the selection and switching of behavioral programs [10,18,21,23], these being based largely on lateral inhibition via the axon collaterals of the GABAergic projection neurons of this structure (95% of the population) [23]. In the mNA, glutamatergic afferent inputs from the hippocampal formation, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex converge on these neurons in a variety of combinations, carrying information on the novelty, the motivational and emotional significance of incoming signals, and the spatial context, as well as possible variants of behavioral responses (see [14,20]). These same neurons connect the mNA with brain areas involved in mediating the basal forms of feeding and the defensive exploratory behavior activated on receipt of reinforcement [14,15]. It has been suggested that as a result of lateral inhibition, the strongest input signal, reflecting the dominant motivation, and its associated behavioral program are not only sent for execution, but also inhibit the conduction of weaker (i.e., less significant) signals transmitted via parallel channels [23]. This suggestion is supported by the previously demonstrated involvement of the mNA in the inhibition of feeding behavior by danger signals [4,26,30] and our recent studies have shown that competition between the defensive and exploratory behavioral strategies occurs with the involvement of the nitrergic system of the mNA [3]. In particular, we showed that presentation during exploratory behavior of danger signals decreasing exploration activity inhibited the exploratory behavior-induced increase in the extracellular citrulline (a coproduct of NO synthesis) level in the mNA [3].Vital intracerebral microdialysis experiments in Sprague-Dawley rats with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that presentation during exploratory behavior of a tone previously combined with pain stimulation decreased exploratory activity and inhibited the exploratory behavior-induced increase in the extracellular citrulline (a co-product of NO synthesis) level in the medial sector of the nucleus accumbens. Administration of the GABA A receptor antagonist bicuculline (20 μM) into the medial sector of the nucleus accumbens firstly produced partial recovery of the increase in the extracellular citrulline level in this structure induced by exploratory behavior ...