Effect of nitric oxide and putrescine on antioxidative responses under NaCl stress in chickpea plants

Abstract

Chickpea plants were subjected to salt stress for 48 h with 100 mM NaCl, after 50 days of growth. Other batches of plants were simultaneously treated with 0.2 mM sodium nitroprusside (NO donor) or 0.5 mM putrescine (polyamine) to examine their antioxidant effects. Sodium chloride stress adversely affected the relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation in leaves. Sodium nitroprusside and putrescine could completely ameliorate the toxic effects of salt stress on electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation and partially on RWC. No significant decline in chlorophyll content under salt stress as well as with other treatments was observed. Sodium chloride stress activated the antioxidant defense system by increasing the activities of peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). However no significant effect was observed on glutathione reductase (GR) and dehydro ascorbate reductase (DHAR) activities. Both putrescine and NO had a positive effect on antioxidant enzymes under salt stress. Putrescine was more effective in scavenging superoxide radical as it increased the SOD activity under salt stress whereas nitric oxide was effective in hydrolyzing H 2 O 2 by increasing the activities of CAT, POX and APX under salt stress.

Nitric oxide affects salt-induced changes in free amino acid levels in maize

“…These results were confirmed in salt-stressed rice, where NO pre-treatment increased the activity of APX, GR, catalase and SOD and also the expression of stress-related genes (Uchida et al, 2002). The activation of antioxidants by NO during salt stress reduces https://repository.uwc.ac.za/ injuries as it was shown in chickpea and soybean (Sheokand et al, 2008;Simaei et al, 2011).…”

“…The protective https://repository.uwc.ac.za/ effect of NO against salt stress in maize can also be linked to the enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes (Bai et al, 2011;Keyster et al, 2012). The induction of various antioxidant enzymes (catalase, APX, SOD) by NO was also observed under salt stress in chickpea (Sheokand et al, 2008), wheat (Zheng et al, 2009) and rice (Uchida et al, 2002). The possible effect of NO on amino acids during salt stress was only investigated in the case of Pro in cucumber where the NO-induced increase in Pro was assumed to be responsible for an improved salt tolerance (Fan et al, 2012).…”

“…Transcriptome analysis revealed a rapid induction of genes encoding antioxidants by salt in a tolerant poplar species, while their induction occurred only after longer exposure to salt in the sensitive one (Ding et al, 2010). Salt stress increased the activity of SOD, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase in chickpea leaves (Sheokand et al, 2008). Further evidence for the protective role of antioxidants was observed in rice, since a salt-tolerant genotype was found to have greater ascorbate and glutathione (GSH) contents, GSH/glutathione-disulphide (GSSG) and ascorbate/dehydroascorbate ratios and antioxidant enzyme activity than a sensitive one (Vaidyanathan et al, 2003;ElShabrawi et al, 2010).…”

Nitric oxide induced alleviation of toxic effects of short term and long term Cd stress on growth, oxidative metabolism and Cd accumulation in Chickpea

“…The level of lipid peroxidation in plant tissue was quantified by determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) content, a breakdown product of lipid peroxidation. The concentration of MDA was calculated using the extinction coefficient of 155 mM -1 L -1 cm -1 as described previously (Sheokand et al, 2008).…”

“…Nitric oxide has been suggested to be involved in defense responses to biotic and abiotic stresses (Wendehenne et al, 2004) and appears to be present in most of stress reactions. It has been reported to exert a protective effect in response to drought stress (Mata and Lamattina, 2001), osmotic stress (Wang et al, 2004;Zhao et al, 2008), salt stress (Shi et al, 2007;Li et al, 2008;Sheokand et al, 2008), heavy metal stress (Kopyra and Gwozdz, 2003;Hsu and Kao, 2004;Wang and Yang, 2005;Singh et al, 2008) and oxidative stress (Beligni and Lamattina, 2002).…”