Because of the economical relevance of sugarcane and its high potential as a source of biofuel, it is important to understand how this crop will respond to the foreseen increase in atmospheric [CO2]. The effects of increased [CO2] on photosynthesis, development and carbohydrate metabolism were studied in sugarcane (Saccharum ssp.). Plants were grown at ambient (~370 ppm) and elevated (~720 ppm) [CO2] during 50 weeks in open-top chambers.The plants grown under elevated CO2 showed, at the end of such period, an increase of about 30% in photosynthesis and 17% in height, and accumulated 40% more biomass in comparison with the plants grown at ambient [CO2]. These plants also had lower stomatal conductance and transpiration rates (-37 and -32%, respectively), and higher wateruse efficiency (c.a. 62%). cDNA microarray analyses revealed a differential expression of 35 genes on the leaves (14 repressed and 22 induced) by elevated CO2. The latter are mainly related to photosynthesis and development. Industrial productivity analysis showed an increase of about 29% in sucrose content. These data suggest that sugarcane crops increase productivity in higher [CO2], and that this might be related, as previously observed for maize and sorghum, to transient drought stress.

In maize (Zea mays) roots, xylem water transfer supported by root pressure occurs during the day and is less important at night. Diurnal modifications of osmotic pressure gradient between medium and xylem could not explain the oscillation of water flux in young maize roots during the day-night cycle. We observed a high turgor pressure of root cortical cells associated with a high flux. In maize roots, ZmPIP transcripts oscillate during the day-night cycle exhibiting some characteristics of genes regulated by a circadian mechanism. The PIP protein level profile is different from the mRNA pattern. Moreover, ZmPIP1 and ZmPIP2 protein levels are differentially regulated during the light and dark period and in response to continuous darkness suggesting different roles for both classes of PIP. Finally, our results suggest that aquaporins from ZmPIP2 subgroup may contribute to root water transfer by cellular pathway that occurs during the light and the dark period of the day-night cycle.

Summary Feruloylation of arabinoxylan (AX) in grass cell walls is a key determinant of recalcitrance to enzyme attack, making it a target for improvement of grass crops, and of interest in grass evolution. Definitive evidence on the genes responsible is lacking so we studied a candidate gene that we identified within the BAHD acyl‐CoA transferase family.We used RNA interference (RNAi) silencing of orthologs in the model grasses Setaria viridis (SvBAHD01) and Brachypodium distachyon (BdBAHD01) and determined effects on AX feruloylation.Silencing of SvBAHD01 in Setaria resulted in a c. 60% decrease in AX feruloylation in stems consistently across four generations. Silencing of BdBAHD01 in Brachypodium stems decreased feruloylation much less, possibly due to higher expression of functionally redundant genes. Setaria SvBAHD01 RNAi plants showed: no decrease in total lignin, approximately doubled arabinose acylated by p‐coumarate, changes in two‐dimensional NMR spectra of unfractionated cell walls consistent with biochemical estimates, no effect on total biomass production and an increase in biomass saccharification efficiency of 40–60%.We provide the first strong evidence for a key role of the BAHD01 gene in AX feruloylation and demonstrate that it is a promising target for improvement of grass crops for biofuel, biorefining and animal nutrition applications.

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-(A new rapid and sensitive enzymatic method for extraction and quantification of starch in plant material). In this work we compare methods normally used for starch determination in plant materials. The comparison between chemical (McCready's method) and an enzymatic method proposed here showed that although McCready's method is appropriate for most plant materials, in certain cases where cell wall polysaccharides (pectins and hemicelluloses) are present, the results may be significantly altered. However, using the enzymatic method described here afforded accurate estimation of starch content in such tissues. The enzymatic method proposed in this work is an affordable option for precise determination of starch contents in several plant tissues. Key words: hydrolases, starch, storage carbohydrates RESUMO -(Novo método enzimático rápido e sensível de extração e dosagem de amido em materiais vegetais). Neste trabalho é feita uma comparação entre os métodos mais comumente utilizados para a dosagem de amido em materiais vegetais. A comparação entre um método químico (McCready) e o método enzimático proposto neste trabalho mostra que, embora o primeiro seja apropriado para a maioria dos materiais vegetais, nos casos em que polissacarídeos de parede celular (pectinas e hemiceluloses) estão presentes, os resultados podem ser bastante alterados. Entretanto, ao usar o método enzimático apresentado, foi possível obter estimativas acuradas dos conteúdos de amido de diversos tecidos vegetais. O método proposto neste trabalho é uma opção viável para determinação do conteúdo de amido em diversos tecidos de plantas. Palavras-chave: amido, carboidratos de reserva, hidrolases IntroduçãoO amido é um dos principais compostos de reserva em plantas. Ao longo da evolução tem sido usado não somente como reserva para a própria planta, mas também como uma das mais importantes fontes de energia para os níveis subseqüentes da cadeia alimentar nos ecossistemas (Zeeman et al. 2004). Por esta razão, vários organismos adquiriram a capacidade de produzir enzimas que degradam o amido com subseqüente liberação de glucose e uso no metabolismo energético.O amido é composto por unidades de glucose, organizadas em dois homopolissacarídeos, a amilose e a amilopectina. A amilose praticamente não apresenta ramificações, sendo que as unidades de glucose são conectadas por ligações glicosídicas do tipo α (1,4) e a porcentagem de ramificações α (1,6) é menor do que 1% (Ball et al. 1998). A amilopectina, uma das maiores biomoléculas conhecidas, é altamente ramificada e possui cadeias de resíduos de glucose ligados entre si por ligações glicosídicas do tipo α (1,4) com aproximadamente 5% de ramificações α (1,6) (Myers et al. 2000). Dependendo da origem, o amido possui diferentes proporções de amilose e de amilopectina. Normalmente as proporções variam em torno de 1:3 e 1:4, mas há extremos encontrados em mutantes, como nos mutantes "waxy" de milho, cujo amido não possui amilose (Nelson & Pan 1995).Em células vegetais, o amido é armazenado na forma ...

Nitric oxide (NO) exerts pleiotropic effects on plant development; however, its involvement in cell wall modification during root hair formation (RHF) has not yet been addressed. Here, mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana with altered root hair phenotypes were used to assess the involvement of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), the primary NO source, in cell wall dynamics and gene expression in roots induced to form hairs. GSNO and auxin restored the root hair phenotype of the hairless root hair defective 6 (rhd6) mutant. A positive correlation was observed between increased NO production and RHF induced by auxin in rhd6 and transparent testa glabra (ttg) mutants. Deposition of an epitope within rhamnogalacturonan-I recognized by the CCRC-M2 antibody was delayed in root hair cells (trichoblasts) compared with nonhair cells (atrichoblasts). GSNO, but not auxin, restored the wild-type root glycome and transcriptome profiles in rhd6, modulating the expression of a large number of genes related to cell wall composition and metabolism, as well as those encoding ribosomal proteins, DNA and histone-modifying enzymes and proteins involved in post-translational modification. Our results demonstrate that NO plays a key role in cell wall remodelling in trichoblasts and suggest that it also participates in chromatin modification in root cells of A. thaliana.

We have identified two loci linked to aluminum (Al) tolerance in the maize inbred line Cat-100-6 by means of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and bulked segregant analysis (BSA). A segregating population F2 was obtained from a cross between Cat-100-6 (Al tolerant) × S1587-17 (Al sensitive) parents. Subsequently two DNA bulks of individuals, displaying a contrasting Al tolerance trait were generated from F2. From a total of 158 markers used, 30 markers were identified showing polymorphism between parents and bulks. The segregation results derived from the hybridization from these 30 markers and 56 individuals from F2 revealed 10 markers cosegregating with the Al tolerance which were located in two linkage groups. The linkage groups were composed of 6 and 4 markers, and they were mapped on the short arm of chromosomes 6 and 10, respectively. From these observations, we deduce that two loci are involved in this trait in Cat-100-6 line. QGENE software was used to study the correlation between these two loci and the trait for aluminum tolerance. The results indicate that the locus on chromosome 10 has the stronger effect, and it is responsible for the major part of the variability of the trait.Key words: maize, aluminum tolerance, molecular mapping, somaclonal variation.

Leaves of Guzmania monostachia exposed to ammonium and water deficit showed increased CAM photosynthesis and water deficit tolerance by increasing vacuolar malate channel expression levels, antioxidant enzyme activities, and soluble sugar accumulation.