Effect of night smoking, sleep disturbance, and their co-occurrence on smoking outcomes.

Abstract

Recent evidence suggests that smoking during the night is an indicator of nicotine dependence and predicts smoking cessation failure. Night smokers are likely to experience disturbance to their sleep cycle when they wake to smoke, but we are not aware of the prevalence of night smokers' self-reported sleep disturbance. Because sleep disturbance also predicts smoking cessation failure, we examined how the pre-cessation risk factors of night smoking and sleep disturbance, and their co-occurrence, predict smoking cessation failure in a 6-week double-blind randomized controlled trial examining whether naltrexone augments the efficacy of the nicotine patch (O'Malley et al., 2006). Smokers (N = 385) completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Buysse, Reynolds, Monk, Berman, & Kupfer, 1989) and a single item of waking at night to smoke pre-cessation. Smoking status was determined at weeks 1, 6, 24 and 48 weeks after quitting. The 2 main findings were: (1) night smokers reported significantly greater sleep disturbance than non-night smokers; and (2) smokers with co-occurring night smoking and sleep disturbance experienced significantly greater risk for smoking than smokers with neither risk factor. Results suggest that individuals who both wake during the night to smoke and report clinically-significant sleep disturbance represent a high-risk group of smokers. Future smoking cessation treatment might incorporate strategies related to managing these smokers' sleep habits and physiological dependence on nicotine in order to bolster their cessation outcomes.

Distúrbios do sono em adultos de uma cidade do Estado de São Paulo

“…This study did not identify smoking as a risk factor to sleep disorders, as oppose to the others 13,14 . In the study of Kim et al 13 , it was observed that smoking may trigger sleep disorders and even be a risk factor to the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.…”

“…Studies carried out in São Paulo show that 32% of São Paulo's citizens presented symptoms of insomnia 8 , as well as that, between 1987 and 2007, the percentage of paulistanos who had "trouble sleeping", "maintaining the sleep throughout the night" and "waking up" increased significantly 9 . Besides that, recent studies have identified an association between sleep disorders, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus) [10][11][12] , risk behaviors (smoking) 13,14 and the presence of overweight and/or obesity 15 . Sleep disorders, as well as the shorter duration of sleep, are associated to weight gain 16,17 , and the decrease in the quality of sleep seems to be associated to higher food intake and alcohol consumption 18 .…”

Alcohol Hangover Symptoms are More Common among Smokers

“…It has been recently reported that night smokers tend to suffer from sleep disturbances. It is possible that those sleep abnormalities enhance the hangover symptoms [19]. Nonetheless, the causality may be reversed.…”

Emotion dysregulation explains the relation between insomnia symptoms and negative reinforcement smoking cognitions among daily smokers

“…Conversely, greater levels of insomnia are associated with an increased risk for smoking lapse and relapse during quit attempts (Augustson et al, 2008; Boutou et al, 2008; Short et al, 2017). Indeed, smokers who report co-occurring night smoking and significant sleep disturbance are at greater risk for smoking postquit compared to smokers with neither risk factor (Peters, Fucito, Novosad, Toll, & O'Malley, 2011). Furthermore, existing work has found sleep disturbance may contribute to negative smoking outcomes after a quit attempt independent of sleep disturbances related to tobacco withdrawal (Augustson et al, 2008).…”