Abstract:The present study is focused on studying the effect of alkali treatment on the mechanical properties of banana fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. Four batches of samples were prepared with respect to the percentage of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in the treatment solution (0%, 2.5%, 4.5%, and 6.5%). Later mechanical tests such as tensile, compressive, and interlaminar shear tests were conducted on the prepared composite specimens to determine the influence of alkali treatment on the mechanical characteristics. The … Show more
“…As a result, they are frequently employed as coatings, incorporating materials, potting materials, casting compounds and other similar applications. 62,63 The synthesis of epoxy resin from MO is displayed in Figure 7. In situ, with hydrogen peroxide as an oxygen donor and glacial acetic acid as an active oxygen carrier, MO was epoxidised in the presence of an inorganic acid as a catalyst.…”
Section: Epoxy Resinsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As a result, they are frequently employed as coatings, incorporating materials, potting materials, casting compounds and other similar applications. 62,63 The synthesis of epoxy resin from MO is displayed in Figure 7.Figure 7.Synthesis of epoxy resin from MO [64]. …”
Nowadays, the use of non-edible vegetable oils as the raw material for polymer development is growing in interest because of the scarcity and high demand for crude oil and also because of its eco-friendly approach. The utilization of non-edible oil to synthesize the applicable polymers reduces the usage of petrochemicals. To eliminate the reliance on petrochemicals, it is important to search for and extract alternate and domestic non-edible oils suitable for the synthesis of polymeric materials. This is now a promising research approach. The outstanding feature of indigenous, non-edible Madhuca indica oil (MO) is its chemical structure, with unsaturated sites and esters that are considerable ingredient polyols for the development of polymers. This review discusses the origin, structure and extraction of MO and systematically focuses on the recently developed polymers using oil as a renewable source of polyols. We have briefly reviewed MO-based polymeric materials such as alkyd resins like pentaalkyds for scratch resistance, glycerol alkyds for fly-ash coating, pentalkyd LC resins for display coating applications and epoxies of MO for biological coating materials. Also, the important polyurethanes in the pathways of MO-based fatty amide are transformed into the polyetherimide polyols through a step-growth reaction with bisphenol-A or bisphenol derivatives, which again react with isocyanates to produce MO-based PU for excellent adhesion and coating applications. Another type of waterborne polyurethane is made from polyesteramides. These PU coatings are used in the paint and pigment industries. We reviewed their synthesis and widespread use in coatings and composites.
“…As a result, they are frequently employed as coatings, incorporating materials, potting materials, casting compounds and other similar applications. 62,63 The synthesis of epoxy resin from MO is displayed in Figure 7. In situ, with hydrogen peroxide as an oxygen donor and glacial acetic acid as an active oxygen carrier, MO was epoxidised in the presence of an inorganic acid as a catalyst.…”
Section: Epoxy Resinsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As a result, they are frequently employed as coatings, incorporating materials, potting materials, casting compounds and other similar applications. 62,63 The synthesis of epoxy resin from MO is displayed in Figure 7.Figure 7.Synthesis of epoxy resin from MO [64]. …”
Nowadays, the use of non-edible vegetable oils as the raw material for polymer development is growing in interest because of the scarcity and high demand for crude oil and also because of its eco-friendly approach. The utilization of non-edible oil to synthesize the applicable polymers reduces the usage of petrochemicals. To eliminate the reliance on petrochemicals, it is important to search for and extract alternate and domestic non-edible oils suitable for the synthesis of polymeric materials. This is now a promising research approach. The outstanding feature of indigenous, non-edible Madhuca indica oil (MO) is its chemical structure, with unsaturated sites and esters that are considerable ingredient polyols for the development of polymers. This review discusses the origin, structure and extraction of MO and systematically focuses on the recently developed polymers using oil as a renewable source of polyols. We have briefly reviewed MO-based polymeric materials such as alkyd resins like pentaalkyds for scratch resistance, glycerol alkyds for fly-ash coating, pentalkyd LC resins for display coating applications and epoxies of MO for biological coating materials. Also, the important polyurethanes in the pathways of MO-based fatty amide are transformed into the polyetherimide polyols through a step-growth reaction with bisphenol-A or bisphenol derivatives, which again react with isocyanates to produce MO-based PU for excellent adhesion and coating applications. Another type of waterborne polyurethane is made from polyesteramides. These PU coatings are used in the paint and pigment industries. We reviewed their synthesis and widespread use in coatings and composites.
“…According to Figure 3, the fiber without treatment has a higher absorption capacity than that treated with NaOH by 15.54%. This is due to the reduction of the hydrophilic hydroxy groups in the fiber after the NaOH treatment, which leads to decreased fiber water absorption [22][23][24]. NaOH treatment in kapok fiber can reduce water absorption up to 44.02% with a 17.5% concentration of NaOH.…”
Section: Effect Of Naoh Treatment On Kapok Fibermentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Solvent treatment is also expected to cause pentosan dissolution from the fiber cell wall, which damages the cell wall and shrinks the lumen. Due to a lack of data on its characteristics in the production center, only data from Indralaya, South Sumatra [23], Bandung [24], Subang, and West Java [25] were available, therefore the sample was collected from the kapok fiber production center in Pati Regency, Central Java, Indonesia.…”
This research reports the reduction of water absorption and density increase of kapok fibers from production centers in Pati, Indonesia. Kapok fiber was treated with two solvents, hexane and NaOH solution at room temperature. The NaOH solution was used in five different concentrations; 3.5, 7, 10.5, 14, and 17.5%. Fiber morphology, water absorption, density, and weight loss were determined. Results indicated that the average diameter and fiber length obtained was 70.97 µm and 2.3 cm, while its cellulose and lignin contents were 55.69% and 20.56%, respectively. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between treating kapok fiber with hexane and with NaOH solution. The 17.5% NaOH solution treatment reduced water absorption, increased density, and reduced weight losses by 55.98%, 255.55%, and 25.58%, respectively.
“…polysaccharides) have widely utilized in many reported studies. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]15 Rice husk and its derivative, rice husk ash, are the important bio-originated materials due to their economic/bio aspects such as cheap price of rice husk, simple/inexpensive fabrication procedure of RiHA, and environment-friendly features of these materials.…”
Rice husk ash (RiHA) was employed as the bio-originated and inexpensive filler prepared from agricultural wastes for reinforcing high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE). X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy showed ∼80.82% for the silica content of RiHA as well as the values of other components present in this bio-based filler. The composites were obtained via melt mixing followed by the compression molding by the hot press forming. Characterization of the composites by FT-IR spectroscopy revealed that the filler has the sheer effects on the vibrational bands of the polymers. The usage of X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis to investigate the d-spacing values and the crystallinity of the samples, exhibited the increase of d-spacing upon reinforcing the polymers with RiHA. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed an average size of 32 µm for the irregular RiHA particles which uniformly dispersed in the polymeric matrices. The energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis displayed C, O, and Si as the main constituting elements of the composites and alternatively confirmed the well dispersion of the filler particles into the polymer matrices. The mechanical measurements showed the significant improvements in Young’s modulus, yield stress, and hardness results of the polymers after reinforcing with the rice husk ash. For example, Young’s modulus of HDPE was increased ∼15% after incorporating 7 wt.% of RiHA into this polymer. These mechanical properties of the polymers were increased upon increasing the RiHA content, while the parameter of elongation at break was decreased.
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