Effect of Nanoconfinement of Polyphenolic Extract from Grape Pomace into Functionalized Mesoporous Silica on Its Biocompatibility and Radical Scavenging Activity

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to assess the properties of Mamaia (MM) grape pomace polyphenolic extract loaded onto pristine and functionalized MCM-41 mesoporous silica as potential ingredients for nutraceuticals or cosmetics. The chemical profile of hydroalcoholic polyphenolic extracts, prepared either by conventional extraction or microwave-assisted method, was analyzed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) analysis, while their radical scavenger activity (RSA) was evaluated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical) and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) assays. The extract-loaded materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, thermogravimetric analysis, as well as RSA (DPPH and ABTS assays). The polyphenols release profiles from pristine and functionalized (with mercaptopropyl, propyl sulfonic acid, cyanoethyl and propionic acid moieties) MCM-41-type supports were determined in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) pH 5.7. For selected materials containing embedded phytochemicals, cellular viability, and oxidative stress level on immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line (NIH3T3) were evaluated. A more acidic functional groups linked on silica pore walls determined a higher amount of phytochemicals released in PBS. The extract-loaded materials showed a good cytocompatibility on tested concentrations. The embedded extract preserved better the RSA over time than the free extract. The polyphenols-loaded MCM-41-type silica materials, especially MM@MCM-COOH material, demonstrated a good in vitro antioxidant effect on NIH3T3 cells, being potential candidates for nutraceutical or cosmetic formulations.

Mesoporous Silica Materials Loaded with Gallic Acid with Antimicrobial Potential

“…The release of gallic acid from the mesoporous silica was studied in two simulated biological fluids [ 31 ]: simulated gastric fluid (SGF) with pH = 1.2 and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) with pH = 6.8, considering the intention to use the materials for oral administration or in the form of suppositories. Release studies were performed at a constant temperature of 37 ± 1 °C and a magnetic stirring of 270 rpm.…”

“…From this category of polyphenols, gallic acid (one of the most widespread phenolic acids found in both fruits and herbs) has a high potential for various applications due to its antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antimelanogenic, anti-allergic, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective effects. Polyphenols, in general, can be considered efficient prebiotics and are increasingly used for their benefits [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. As is the case with the vast majority of natural products, the use of the polyphenols mentioned above is limited due to their metabolism and rapid elimination, resulting in low bioavailability.…”

“…As is the case with the vast majority of natural products, the use of the polyphenols mentioned above is limited due to their metabolism and rapid elimination, resulting in low bioavailability. Thus, it the need to develop transport systems that simultaneously ensure both the protection and controlled release of these polyphenols is obvious [ 31 , 32 ].…”

A Comparative Study of the Influence of Various Fungal-Based Pretreatments of Grape Pomace on Phenolic Compounds Recovery

“…It is still widely used in distilleries for alcohol production, while a smaller part is used for composting or dried and used as fertilizer or animal feed [ 4 , 5 ]. In line with sustainable development and increasing consumer demand for the use of natural rather than synthetic resources, there is great interest in the reuse of GP for various purposes, such as the production of fertilizers, animal feed, functional foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, industrial enzymes, composites, biopolymers, as biomass for biofuel production, to its use for mushroom cultivation, and as an additive to improve building insulation [ 1 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. These alternative uses of GP, as well as its market potential, are still under development, but some products are already available on the market, such as Bioflavia, an organic red grape skin powder used as a dietary supplement, grape seed extract capsules (Ecovitis TM ) rich in oligomeric proanthocyanidins, and grape seed oil [ 9 , 10 ].…”

Biological Evaluation of Black Chokeberry Extract Free and Embedded in Two Mesoporous Silica-Type Matrices

“…However, regarding the employment of MSNs for embedding polyphenolic extracts, there are only a few reports [17][18][19] in which it is mentioned that, through encapsulation, improved stability can be achieved in comparison to that of the extract alone, which is prone to a faster degradation. Evidence of the benefits of phytochemical encapsulation has also been found by using a bio-hybrid matrix consisting of Althaea officinalis L.…”