Effect of Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;B&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt; Addition on Carbothermic Reduction of Ilmenite Concentrate

Song, Bing; Lv, Xuewei; Miao, Hubet Huijun; Han, Kuihua; Zhang, Kai; Huang, Run

doi:10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2016-338

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The experimental temperature was 1873 K and was controlled within ±2 K using a B-type (Pt-30%Rh/ Pt-6%Rh) thermocouple and a proportional integral differential controller. After the temperature stabilized, a mixture of ilmenite ore and flux (100 g) was quickly added onto the surface of the pre-melted iron bath and maintained for 1 h. Slag samples were collected at defined time intervals (5,7,10,15,20,30 and 60 min) using a steel rod dipped into the slag layer. The samples were quenched rapidly by flushing with high-purity (99.999%) Ar gas (flow rate of 25 L/min).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These phases were leached out by HCl, leading to high-purity TiO 2 -slag. Song et al 20 studied the effect of Na 2 B 4 O 7 on carbothermic reduction of ilmenite concentrate and confirmed that only 2 wt% of Na 2 B 4 O 7 could improve the reduction rate by accelerating the metallization ratio of iron in the ilmenite concentrate. Also, Guo et al 21 found that a small amount of borax could enhance the reduction of Panzhihua ilmenite by affecting mineral phase transformation, microstructures, melting point, and Mg distribution.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…To manage these factors, flux addition in ilmenite slag was investigated. There are previous studies for the effect of flux additives on the efficiency of TiO 2 -upgrading process [19][20][21] . Fan et al 19 investigated the addition of B 2 O 3 during synthetic rutile production with molten TiO 2 -slag.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Improving the production efficiency of high-titania slag in Ti extraction process: fluxing effect on formation of pseudobrookite

Kim

Heo

Park

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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We investigated the carbothermic reduction process of ilmenite ore at 1873 K with flux addition. Without flux, the pseudobrookite phase with a high melting temperature was precipitated during ilmenite smelting. This could be the main reason for decreased reduction of iron in ilmenite. To accelerate reduction of ilmenite, two factors were considered. One is increasing the reduction driving force during smelting. Activity of FeO is the major factor to control reduction in driving force. The other factor is delay in formation of the pseudobrookite phase, a high-melting point precipitation phase. In this system, MgO in ilmenite could be used to form pseudobrookite. To control these factors, in this study, flux agent (i.e., Na 2 o or Sio 2 ) addition was considered. The thermochemical simulation program, factSage TM 7.0 was used to calculate the viscosity of slag and the activity of components as fluxing agents were added. High-temperature experiments using an induction furnace were also conducted to confirm the computational results. To determine the composition of final products, i.e., titanium slag, X-ray fluorescence analysis was executed. As a result of Fe and Ti behaviours in slag, SiO 2 addition showed no significant difference from the slag without flux. However, Fe reduction in ilmenite, i.e. tio 2 -enrichment, was more accelerated when Na 2 O was added. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopic and transmission electron microscopic analyses results also showed that even 1 wt% Na 2 o addition significantly influenced the titanium slag production compared to no flux addition.As titanium has good physical and chemical properties, e.g. excellent strength, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, fracture toughness, and high-temperature characteristics, its demand steadily increases 1-5 . The major raw material for titanium extraction is rutile (~95% TiO 2 ), which quickly is being depleted. Therefore, ilmenite (FeTiO 3 , 30-65% TiO 2 ) as a substitutional resource is in the spotlight. There are previous studies about the ilmenite smelting process in conjunction with pre-oxidation treatment, which improves the reactivity of ilmenite 6-13 . After the pre-oxidation treatment, the ilmenite ore is sent to direct leaching or high temperature reduction stages according to the consecutive processes [14][15][16][17][18] .Our group originally investigated the effect of temperature on FeO reduction, i.e., TiO 2 -upgrading, from ilmenite ore from 1723 to 1923 K 13 . Unlike the expectation that the Ti-yield would be greater with higher temperatures, the slag composition in the actual experiment was not significantly changed. One of the reasons is precipitation of pseudobrookite (ps-BR), which is one of the most stable phases with M 3 O 5 stoichiometry. In the position of M, the divalent cations (mainly Fe 2+ , minor Ti 2+ and/or Mg 2+ ) and the trivalent cations (primarily Ti 3+ ) are in balance of valence. Thus, it is normally expressed as [Fe,Ti,Mg] x Ti y O 5 (x + y = 3) formula. Because the melting point of ps-B...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 97%

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Improving the production efficiency of high-titania slag in Ti extraction process: fluxing effect on formation of pseudobrookite

Kim

Heo

Park

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…The addition of sodium borate has been reported to promote the reduction of ilmenite and titanomagnetite to Fe and titanium oxides [18,19], but the effect of sodium borate on the conversion of the TMCs to TiN has never been reported. In order to study the effect of sodium borate addition on the formation of TiN, the phase transformations of the composite pellets without sodium borate and with 16% sodium borate reduced at different conditions were detected by XRD.…”

Section: Effect Of Sodium Borate On the Formation Of Tinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sodium roasting is a commonly used technique to convert acid-resistant substances to soluble substances in extractive metallurgy [16,17]. Sodium borate can promote the carbothermic reduction of titanomagnetite and ilmenite [18,19]. Herein, sodium borate was used as an additive to inhibit the formation of MgAl 2 O 4 during reduction to create a convenient condition for purifying TiN.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Sodium Borate on the Preparation of TiN from Titanomagnetite Concentrates by Carbothermic Reduction–Magnetic Separation and Acid Leaching Process

Wen

Chen

et al. 2019

Minerals

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Carbothermic reduction–magnetic separation and acid leaching processes were used to produce TiN and direct reduced iron (DRI) from titanomagnetite concentrates. The effects of sodium borate on the reduction behavior of TMCs, the magnetic separation of the reduced products, and the purification of the impure TiN by acid leaching were investigated. Results of x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis showed that magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl2O4) was generated in the reduced products, which could hinder the purification of the TiN. Adding sodium borate not only inhibited the formation of MgAl2O4, but also promoted the formation of TiN by decreasing the roasting temperature and time. Adding sodium borate slightly affected the separation of metallic Fe and TiN. By adding 16% sodium borate, a DRI with 94.3% Fe, 0.6% Ti, and 0.1% V was obtained by magnetic separation. After HCl + HF leaching, the TiN product containing 74.1% Ti and 2.8% V was obtained with the Ti recovery of 94.6% and V recovery of 58.3%.

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High-Titanium Slag Preparation Process by Carbothermic Reduction of Ilmenite and Wet-Magnetic Separation

Xin

et al. 2020

Metall Mater Trans B

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As the titanium industry rapidly develops, low-grade ilmenite resources are drawing global attention. The direct use of low-grade ilmenite can result in low production efficiency and heavy pollution. In addition, the production of high-titanium slag via electric furnace melting consumes significant energy and possesses low production efficiency. Therefore, a novel process with low energy consumption is necessary for producing ultra-grade slag (UGS) for chlorination. For low-grade ilmenite, semi-molten reduction and magnetic separation were suggested in this study. The effects of carbon content, reduction time, and Na 2 CO 3 addition on the reduction and separation behavior were studied. The results showed that the addition of Na 2 CO 3 favored the formation of a semi-molten state, which was more conducive for the diffusion, aggregation, and growth of the metal phase. In this regard, excess carbon was not helpful, and it weakened the growth of the metal phase. Wet grinding and magnetic separation were used for beneficiation of the reduced sample for efficiently separating the slag iron and preventing the formation of agglomerates between slag and metal. For the sample with a carbon dosage of 13 pct, Na 2 CO 3 dosage of 8 pct, reduction temperature of 1673 K (1400°C), and 90 minutes holding time, high-titanium slag with a TiO 2 grade of 81.63 pct and iron content of 4.53 pct was produced, with the TiO 2 recovery rate of 93.43 pct and the yields of 55.37 pct. High-titanium slag can be used as a high-quality raw material to produce UGS for chlorination by leaching.

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Effect of Na<sub>2</sub>B<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub> Addition on Carbothermic Reduction of Ilmenite Concentrate

Cited by 25 publications

References 28 publications

Improving the production efficiency of high-titania slag in Ti extraction process: fluxing effect on formation of pseudobrookite

Improving the production efficiency of high-titania slag in Ti extraction process: fluxing effect on formation of pseudobrookite

Effect of Sodium Borate on the Preparation of TiN from Titanomagnetite Concentrates by Carbothermic Reduction–Magnetic Separation and Acid Leaching Process

High-Titanium Slag Preparation Process by Carbothermic Reduction of Ilmenite and Wet-Magnetic Separation

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