“…Eighteen studies employed isokinetic dynamometer [ 22 , 29 , 33 , 34 , 42 – 55 ], five studies used photogrammetry [ 2 , 3 , 35 , 56 , 57 ], two studies used goniometers and photogrammetry [ 58 , 59 ], two studies used an electrogoniometer [ 32 , 60 ], three studies used a potentiometer [ 61 – 63 ], four studies used a goniometer [ 43 , 64 – 66 ], two studies used a joint position sense device [ 67 – 69 ], three studies used an inclinometer [ 70 – 72 ], one study used an Air Splint [ 73 ], one study used an optotrak [ 74 ], and two study used a self-design device [ 31 , 69 ]. In addition, the following studies employed two types of measurement error: 36 studies investigated the absolute angular error [ 2 , 3 , 22 , 29 , 31 – 35 , 42 – 51 , 53 – 59 , 63 , 65 , 67 – 74 ] (absolute difference between the target position and the estimated one), while 12 studies investigated the relative angular error [ 2 , 3 , 31 , 42 , 46 , 50 , 56 , 57 , 61 , 62 , 64 , 72 ] (difference between the target position and the repositioning angle, taking the direction of the difference into account). Thirteen studies examined passive joint reposition sense [ 22 , 29 , …”