Effect of Modified Water‐Bath Method on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Wire Arc Additive Manufactured Low‐Carbon Low‐Alloy Steel

Abstract

Of late, wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is extensively used in the aerospace and automotive fields to produce large complex metallic components. The water‐bath method is applied for active cooling to address the heat accumulation problem in WAAM. Herein, the modified water‐bath method with a changing level is used to realize different phase transformations, and the microstructure and mechanical properties of the sample are investigated. Heat accumulation in the sample is eliminated using the modified water‐bath method. Furthermore, the microstructure of the fabricated sample shows a mixture of polygonal ferrite (PF), upper bainite (UB), and lath bainite (LB). Layer bands are formed in the entire sample, except in the final layer, and equiaxed ferrite (EF) and an increased fraction of PF appear in these zones. The microhardness and tensile property are enhanced due to the fine LB. The considerable difference in the microhardness between LB and PF causes an obvious wave of hardness, and the tensile property along the horizontal direction is better than the vertical. This study is expected to help broaden the application of the water bath in the microstructure control.

Effects of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of 347 Stainless Steel Alloy Prepared by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

“…[1,2,9] Among different AM methods, the wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process has attracted special attention in recent years due to its ability to manufacture large-scale components. [10][11][12][13][14] Various types of metals such as low-carbon and low-alloy steels [7,[15][16][17][18][19] and Ni-, [16,[20][21][22][23] Al-, [4,24,25] and Ti-based alloys [10,23] are used as feedstock materials. Furthermore, arc welding processes such as gas metal arc welding (GMAW), gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), and plasma arc welding are employed as the 3D manufacturing process.…”

Optimization of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Process Parameters for Low‐Carbon Steel and Properties Prediction by Support Vector Regression Model

“…Additive manufacturing (AM) is a promising technology that has revolutionized the manufacturing industry by enabling complex and customized part fabrication with high precision and low material waste. [1][2][3][4] Wire arc AM (WAAM) is one of the AM processes that has gained significant attention in recent years due to its ability to produce large-scale metal parts with a high deposition rate and low cost. [5] In WAAM, a wire (electrode) is melted and deposited layer by layer onto a substrate to form a 3D part.…”

On the Microstructure Development under Cyclic Temperature Conditions during WAAM of Microalloyed Steels

“…Another advantage of WAAM is the relatively simple realization of multi-material components, also called functionally graded materials. These components have different properties based on different heat management [19][20][21] or the use of different materials [22][23][24]. However, the key point here is the knowledge of the relationships between the alloy composition of the metal used, the heat management in the additive manufacturing process and the resulting properties.…”