Effect of Microwave Power and Extraction Time on Crude Palm Oil Quality Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction Process

Abstract

The aim of this study is to evaluate microwave-assisted extraction at several microwave power and extraction time in extracting oil palm products, such as crude palm oil (CPO) and palm fatty acid (PFA) composition. The exposure time was shortened and overheating was avoided when sterilized mesocarp exposed to microwave prior to Soxhlet extraction in order to obtain good quality oil. The effects of CPO extraction and PFA composition on the distillate produced were investigated. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the determination and quantification of PFA composition in the distilled products. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that the microwave-assisted extraction technique had efficiently assisted in the release of oil by breaking down the mesocarp cell structure. To fill the research gap of microwave-assisted sterilization in the previous research, microwave-assisted extraction was introduced, in which two processes (i.e., extraction and drying) were conducted in one equipment. Oil yield and color, free fatty acids (FFA), Deterioration of Bleachability Index (DOBI), and carotene contents of the CPO were quantified. At 100 W, the extraction of CPO demonstrated 64% yield produced, with chemical properties of 0.301% FFA, 3.53 DOBI and 1132 ppm carotene with final temperature of 76.2°C during microwave-assisted extraction. The optimum condition for extracting PFA distillate was 300 W for 30 min of exposure time. Additionally, distillate obtained at the optimum condition using microwave-assisted extraction consisted of high palmitic acid (C16:0), caramel-like aroma, and possessed a sweet fragrance.

Pengaruh penggunaan microwave oven terhadap proses sterilisasi buah kelapa sawit

“…Rasio perhitungan konsentrasi terhadap volume minyak ditunjukkan pada Persamaan 3. (Zamanhuri, 2021) Minyak kelapa sawit 0,1g dilarutkan dalam 25mL etanol absolut dimasukkan ke dalam kuvet sampai ¾ volume kuvet. Kuvet yang berisi minyak kelapa sawit dimasukkan ke dalam Spektrofotometer UV-Vis dengan pembacaan absorbansi pada 446 nm dan 269 nm.…”

“…Menurut Cheng et al, (2011) buah kelapa sawit yang disterilisasi menggunakan microwave oven (850W) selama 4 menit menghasilkan rendemen minyak kelapa sawit sebesar 19,98% lebih tinggi daripada rendemen minyak kelapa sawit yang disterilisasi selama 5 menit (15,40%). Menurut Chow & Ma., (2007);Zamanhuri., (2017Zamanhuri., ( ,2021 perbedaan rendemen ini disebabkan oleh perbedaan kadar air pada buah yang dikeringkan selama pemanasan menggunakan gelombang mikro menimbulkan getaran molekul air dalam sel buah kelapa sawit yang membuat perubahan struktur sel. Menurut Chow & Ma., (2007); Zamanhuri., (2021) perubahan struktur sel tersebut menyebabkan buah kelapa sawit keras sehingga sulit dipresing dan mempengaruhi kuantitas pada rendemen.…”

“…Menurut Chow & Ma., (2007);Zamanhuri., (2017Zamanhuri., ( ,2021 perbedaan rendemen ini disebabkan oleh perbedaan kadar air pada buah yang dikeringkan selama pemanasan menggunakan gelombang mikro menimbulkan getaran molekul air dalam sel buah kelapa sawit yang membuat perubahan struktur sel. Menurut Chow & Ma., (2007); Zamanhuri., (2021) perubahan struktur sel tersebut menyebabkan buah kelapa sawit keras sehingga sulit dipresing dan mempengaruhi kuantitas pada rendemen.…”

Effect of Solid to Solvent Ratio and Extraction Time on Yield, Phytochemical Content and Physicochemical of Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) Seed Oil Extracted using Hexane

“…It is because the contact time between the solvent and the material is longer so that more oil content is absorbed by the solvent which can obtain a large yield. However, after a certain time of the extraction process, the amount of oil extracted did not increase because the content of oil in the amla seed and solvent used was limited (Zamanhuri et al, 2021).…”

Microwave-Assisted Solvent Deasphalting of Heavy Fuel Oil: Process Parameters Optimization With RSM and ANN

“…The asphaltene precipitation efficiency of both solvents improves marginally as the microwave power and holding time increase from 100 to 150 watts, and 10 to 20 min, respectively. The increase of power level to 150 watts at a holding time of 20 min increases the electric field strength, thus causing absorption of more microwave energy by asphaltene molecules, subsequently increasing the aggregation rate of asphaltenes [24,25].…”