Effect of microcystin on leukocyte viability and function

Acute effects of microcystins on the transcription of antioxidant enzyme genes in crucian carp Carassius auratus

“…The toxicological mechanisms of MCs are under intensive investigation (Vajkova et al, 1998;Zurawell et al, 2005;Chen et al, 2006;Zhang et al, 2006), and several possible mechanisms have been put forward: (1) MCs are preferentially taken up into hepatocytes by multispecific bile acid transporters (Runnegar and Falconer, 1982), where they specially bind to the serine/threonine of protein phophatases 1 and 2A and inhibit enzyme activities (Carmichael, 1992), resulting in the alteration of hepatocyte shape and function (Matsushima et al, 1990;Batista et al, 2004;Malbrouck et al, 2004;Sicińska et al, 2006); (2) At lower doses, MCs exposure cause the intestinal and liver dysfunction, as well as promotion of liver tumors and at higher doses, cause liver hemorrhage, necrosis, and hypovolaemic shock (Carmichael, 1994;Chen et al, 2004;Shi et al, 2004;Zurawell et al, 2005;Gonçalves et al, 2006); (3) MCs were proved to have genotoxicity, causing the damage of chromosome and DNA mutation (Rao and Bhattacharya, 1996;Zhan et al, 2004;Lankoff et al, 2006;Zegura et al, 2006).…”

Experimental immunology First report of cylindrospermopsin effect on human peripheral blood lymphocytes proliferation in vitro

“…Other authors reported mild changes in leukocytes functions when exposed to low doses of MR (10 µg l -1 ), particularly in the ability to produce reactive oxygen species. Higher rates of apoptosis were also observed [29]. Kujbida et al (2008) investigated MR effects on human neutrophils and found increased interleukin-8, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-2ab (CINC-2ab) and extracellular reactive oxygen species levels [30].…”

Chloramphenicol‐Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Neutrophils

“…Enzymatic activities -superoxide dismutase, catalase and diaphorase enzymes -increased after chloramphenicol treatment, while the glutathione level decreased in neutrophils incubated with antibiotic. The results obtained in the present work suggest that the study of susceptibility to oxidative stress in neutrophils before chloramphenicol treatment could be adequate for in vitro toxicity screening.Oxidative stress has been associated with hepatic and renal toxicity [1], but leucocytes can also be affected in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by toxic substances [2]. The regulation of ROS production is particularly important in neutrophils, because these cells perform an important function in host defence against bacterial infections by producing ROS and nitrogen species, hydrolytic and proteolytic enzymes, and antimicrobial polypeptides.…”

“…Oxidative stress has been associated with hepatic and renal toxicity [1], but leucocytes can also be affected in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by toxic substances [2]. The regulation of ROS production is particularly important in neutrophils, because these cells perform an important function in host defence against bacterial infections by producing ROS and nitrogen species, hydrolytic and proteolytic enzymes, and antimicrobial polypeptides.…”