Effect of Metal Oxide Catalysts on Degradation of Waste Polystyrene in Hydrogen at Elevated Temperature and Pressure in Benzene Solution

Metal oxide-catalyzed hydrothermal liquefaction of Malaysian oil palm biomass to bio-oil under supercritical condition

“…The generation of bio-oil based on mechanisms such as biomass depolymerisation, cleavage of C C bond in biomass structure, dehydration, decarboxylation, deamination and finally the recombination of reactive fragments [7]. Liquefaction requires lower operating temperature (approximately 250-400 • C) and higher pressure (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) MPa) compared to pyrolysis (temperature at 500-800 • C) [6]. Therefore, it is expected that the energy consumption of liquefaction should be lower compared to pyrolysis.…”

Tertiary recycling of waste polystyrene using magnesium impregnated catalysts into valuable products

“…This method also gives more selective and high amount of low molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons in major with environmental friendly method as compared to the degradation products by other researchers [6,7,9].…”

“…Heterogeneous catalysts have the advantage of non-corrosive nature, easily separating from liquid products, low disposal problems with higher activity and selectivity resulting environmental friendly setup [5]. Various heterogeneous catalysts used for the degradation of PS are basic catalysts like CaO, ZnO, Cr 2 O 4 , Fe 2 O 3 , HgO, SnO, PbO, and MnO [6] and acid catalysts like zeolites, FCC, MCM-41, FeCl 3 , AlCl 3 , SnCl 4 [7,8].…”

Effect of carbon supported metals on the tertiary recycling of waste expanded polystyrene

“…Currently, cost effective and environment friendly technologies are used for waste plastic management. Tertiary recycling is the most appropriate method for plastic waste management but without the use of any catalyst (thermal degradation), it has limitations (Lin et al, 2011;Lee, 2008;Karmore and Madras, 2002;Tiwary and Guria, 2010). They need high temperature, longer time for degradation and produce a broad range of unwanted products.…”

“…On the other hand, catalytic degradation has decreased these problems and transformed plastics into selective hydrocarbons (Lin et al, 2011). In the literature, data available for the degradation of waste expanded polystyrene (WEPS) using heterogeneous catalysts, among which solid acidic and solid basic catalysts are worth mentioning (Lee, 2008;Karmore and Madras, 2002;Tiwary and Guria, 2010;Lee et al, 2002;García et al, 2005;Seddegi et al, 2002;Achilias et al, 2007;Marcilla et al, 2005;Corma et al, 1998;Pinto et al, 1999;Adnan et al, 2014a). * Corresponding author.…”