Effect of maternal fluorine intake on breast milk fluorine content

Esala, S.; Vuori, Erkki; A, Helle

doi:10.1079/bjn19820105

Cited by 39 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Milk. Fluoride is poorly transported from plasma to mill< (31-33), and concentrations of fluoride in human milk remain low, generally 5 to 10 pg/L ( Table 1) even when intakes of fluoride by the mother are high (33)(34)(35). Because of the low concentrations of fluoride in human milk, intakes of fluoride by exclusively breast-fed infants are generally extremely low, averaging about 1 pg * kg-' * d-' ( Table 2).…”

Section: Major Sources Of Fluoride In Infant's Diet Human Milk and Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluoride Intake and Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis: Trends in Fluoride Intake with Special Attention to Infants: REVIEW & COMMENTARY

Fomon

Ekstrand²,

Ziegler³

2000

J Public Health Dent

113

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We believe the most important measures that should be undertaken are (1) use, when feasible, of water low in fluoride for dilution of infant formulas; (2) adult supervision of toothbrushing by children younger than 5 years of age; and (3) changes in recommendations for administration of fluoride supplements so that such supplements are not given to infants and more stringent criteria are applied for administration to children.

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Section: Major Sources Of Fluoride In Infant's Diet Human Milk and Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluoride Intake and Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis: Trends in Fluoride Intake with Special Attention to Infants: REVIEW & COMMENTARY

Fomon

Ekstrand²,

Ziegler³

2000

J Public Health Dent

113

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“…Major sources of F intake for infants who are not able to take semi-solid or solid foods are IMF and fluoridated water since F is poorly transported from plasma to human milk [Ekstrand et al, 1981[Ekstrand et al, , 1984a, and concentrations of F in breast milk remain low even when intakes of F by a lactating mother are high [Spak et al, 1983]. Concentrations of F generally range from 5 to 10 ng/ml in human milk [Esala et al, 1982;Spak et al, 1983;Ekstrand et al, 1984a, b], and Fomon and Ekstrand [1999] reported intake of F by exclusively breastfed infants consuming 170 ml/kg bw/day is generally less than 2 g/kg bw/day. The amount of F ingested through consumption of IMF that has been reconstituted with water containing 0.8 g F/ml would be estimated to be close to the UL in several reports [Buzalaf et al, 2001;Clifford et al, 2009;Siew et al, 2009].…”

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confidence: 99%

Fluoride Intake of Japanese Infants from Infant Milk Formula

2011

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This study aimed to measure the fluoride (F) content of all infant milk formulas (IMF) available for purchase in Japan and estimate the F exposure of infants whose primary source of nutrition is IMF when reconstituted with different F concentrations of water. Twenty-two commercially available IMFs were purchased from 6 manufacturers in Japan. These IMFs included 21 milk-based products and 1 soy-based product. Each IMF was reconstituted using distilled water and 0.13 µg F/ml fluoridated water according to the manufacturers’ instructions. The F concentrations in each sample were measured using the hexamethyldisiloxane diffusion technique and an F ion-selective electrode. The mean F concentration of all products was 0.41 (range 0.15–1.24) µg/g. There were no statistically significant differences among mean F concentrations of newborn milks, follow-on milks and other milks or among manufacturers. The mean F concentration of all products, when reconstituted with distilled water and 0.13 µg F/ml water, was 0.09 and 0.18 µg/ml, respectively. The mean F intake from IMF ranged from 0.039 to 0.134 mg/day with distilled water and from 0.078 to 0.258 mg/day with 0.13 µg/ml fluoridated water, respectively. These results suggested that F intake of infants from IMFs depended on the F concentration of added water, and therefore the risk of dental fluorosis for most Japanese infants would be small since most Japanese municipal water supplies are low in F. However, there was a possibility to exceed the tolerable upper intake level, even under the limit of the law, especially for infants within the first 5 months of life.

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“…The concentration of fluoride in human milk (7 ccg/L) was taken from the literature (19)(20)(21)(22). All other fluoride concentrations were determined (see "Fluoride determinations" section).…”

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confidence: 99%

Fluoride Pharmacokinetics in Infancy

et al. 1994

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ABSTRACT. Fluoride pharmacokinetic data are presented for infants given a fluoride supplement. Seventeen infants participated in a total of 20 studies. On one day, 0.013 mmol(0.25 mg) fluoride was given as a supplement (fluoride supplement study), and on another day a placebo was given (control study). Samples of plasma and urine were collected for 5 h and analyzed for fluoride. During control studies fluoride intake averaged 0.15 pmol/kg (2.9 pg/kg), and plasma fluoride concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 0.11 pmol/L (10 to 20 pg/L). In nine instances, the quantity of fluoride excreted in the urine was more than twice that consumed. When the fluoride supplement was given, total fluoride intake averaged 1.93 pmol/kg (36.6 pg/kg). Plasma peak concentration was reached by 30 min in 14 studies and by 60 min in six studies. Mean plasma peak fluoride concentration was 3.3 pmollL (63 ng/mL). Area under the plasma concentration curve averaged 236 nmol. m-' . min (4479 ng . mL-' . min) and was not related to the dose of fluoride. The rate of urinary excretion was significantly correlated with rate of urinary flow. When the dose of fluoride was expressed per unit of body weight, fluoride retention was strongly related to the dose. Retention of the fluoride absorbed from the fluoride dose ranged from 75.4 to 87.6%. Plasma clearance averaged 6.8 mL. kg-'. min-' and decreased significantly with age. Net fractional clearance (renal clearance of the fluoride dose/GFR) averaged 56.770, which was significantly greater than the 29% observed during the control studies. The greater percentage retention of fluoride by infants than by adults is probably explained by a greater capacity of the infant to deposit fluoride in hard tissues. (Pediarr Res 35: 157-163, 1994) On the basis of the belief that an adequate intake of fluoride in early life is protective against caries in later life, fluoride supplements are recommended for infants and children living in areas in which the fluoride content of the drinking water is low. However, critical reviews of the evidence (1-3) have led to the conclusion that the effect of fluoride in decreasing the prevalence and severity of dental caries is not primarily systemic but is exerted locally within the oral cavity (4). Because fluoride supplements are quickly cleared from the mouth, the ~ossibilitv must be considered that they may contribute to enamei fluorosis, which is unquestionably a systemic effect, while providing rela-13). As reviewed by Szpunar and Burt (2) and Fomon and Ekstrand (3), little question exists that regular consumption of fluoride supplements increases the risk of enamel fluorosis. However, the relative importance of fluoride supplements and other sources of fluoride intake is unknown.Although metabolic and pharmacokinetic studies of fluoride throughout infancy and childhood are needed. we have focused our attention on studies of infants. Epidemiologic data provide evidence that, at least under some conditions, fluoride intake during infancy may be a causative factor in the ...

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Effect of maternal fluorine intake on breast milk fluorine content

Cited by 39 publications

References 11 publications

Fluoride Intake and Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis: Trends in Fluoride Intake with Special Attention to Infants: REVIEW & COMMENTARY

Fluoride Intake and Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis: Trends in Fluoride Intake with Special Attention to Infants: REVIEW & COMMENTARY

Fluoride Intake of Japanese Infants from Infant Milk Formula

Fluoride Pharmacokinetics in Infancy

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