Effect of Maleic Anhydride-Modified Poly(lactic acid) on the Properties of Its Hybrid Fiber Biocomposites

Birnin-Yauri, Abubakar Umar; Ibrahim, Nor Azowa; Zainuddin, Norhazlin; Abdan, Khalina; Then, Yoon Yee; Chieng, Buong Woei

doi:10.3390/polym9050165

Cited by 49 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Materials 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 21 g-MAH was confirmed by the two C-H stretching peaks at 2914 cm −1 and 2847 cm −1 , along with the MAH peak at 1715 cm −1 [41]. ABS was identified by acrylonitrile at 2237 cm −1 , C=C stretching vibrations at 1637 cm −1 , and styrene aromatic ring stretching vibrations at 1494 cm −1 .…”

Section: Effects Of Blending Printing and Thermal Agingmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The merging of the associated group (CH 3 ) of PP into the ABS blend shows the synergy [43] between the saturated hydrocarbons of three polymers. The absence of the MAH peak at 1715 cm −1 for the PE-g-MAH in blend pellets was also a sign of the chemical interactions [41] between the three polymers. Furthermore, it can be analyzed in Table 5 that, apart from the butadiene group at 1637 cm −1 , all remaining groups showed high intensity as compared to the neat ABS with no shift or minimum shift.…”

Section: Effects Of Blending Printing and Thermal Agingmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene and Polypropylene Blend with Enhanced Thermal and Mechanical Properties for Fused Filament Fabrication

et al. 2019

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Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is the oldest fused filament fabrication (FFF) material that shows low stability to thermal aging due to hydrogen abstraction of the butadiene monomer. A novel blend of ABS, polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene graft maleic anhydride (PE-g-MAH) is presented for FFF. ANOVA was used to analyze the effects of three variables (bed temperature, printing temperature, and aging interval) on tensile properties of the specimens made on a custom-built pellet printer. The compression and flexure properties were also investigated for the highest thermal combinations. The blend showed high thermal stability with enhanced strength despite three days of aging, as well as high bed and printing temperatures. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) provided significant chemical interactions. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed the thermal stability with enhanced enthalpy of glass transition and melting. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) also revealed high temperatures for onset and 50% mass degradation. Signs of chemical grafting and physical interlocking in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also explained the thermo-mechanical stability of the blend.Therefore, a need arises to explore a solution for a thermally stable ABS for large-scale and high temperature FFF applications.Different methods were adopted to increase the thermal stability of ABS [11,12], such as blending [11,12], addition of flame retardants [13], stabilizers [11], etc. The most recommended method in terms of gaining both thermal and mechanical stability is blending with high-temperature polymers [12][13][14]. In this regard, polycarbonate (PC) is the most successful polymer that reports the best-in-class blend properties with ABS [14] as compared to contemporary ones in FFF, such as ABS/UHMWPE/SEBS, ABS:SEBS [15,16], ABS:SEBS-g-MAH [17], ABS/PMMA [18], and ABS/SMA [5]. The addition of PC to ABS was reported with improvements in both thermal and mechanical properties (tensile, compression, and flexure) [13,19]. However, thermal improvement is interpreted as an improvement in the onset of the degradation temperature of the non-aged blend obtained in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) [20]. Researchers found detrimental effects of annealing on the morphology of an ABS/PC blend that resulted in a decrease in thermal stability [20]. Therefore, it reveals a need to explore a blend of ABS that can withstand thermal aging at high temperatures with good mechanical properties (tensile, compression, and flexure).Polypropylene (PP) is one of the eminent polyolefins with good chemical and mechanical properties [21]. However, it presents warpage and swelling in an FFF process. This is overcome by blending with different printable polymers or fillers (fibers). For example, Peng et al. [22] reported enhanced mechanical strength with the addition of polyamide (PA6) and POE-g-MAH. Ramis et al. [21] reported enhanced thermal stability in the TGA analysis of PP/starch. Mourad et al. [23] found good resistance to thermal aging...

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Section: Effects Of Blending Printing and Thermal Agingmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Effects Of Blending Printing and Thermal Agingmentioning

confidence: 98%

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene and Polypropylene Blend with Enhanced Thermal and Mechanical Properties for Fused Filament Fabrication

et al. 2019

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“…To improve the interfacial adhesion between natural fibers and PLA, modifications of natural fiber and PLA, separately or simultaneously, have been undertaken before raw material compounding [1,6,[10][11][12]. PLA has been autoclaved to obtain different molecular weights of PLA, and its hydrophilicity was improved to result in a good mixability with hydrophilic materials, such as carbon nanotubes [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A silane coupling agent (such as KH550) has been commonly applied in the composite to improve the interfacial adhesion between fibers and the polymer through an ester-exchange reaction between the silane and hydroxyl groups of the fibers; additionally, the mechanical properties of composites have been found to be enhanced, and the serving life of composites has been found to be extended [1,22]. The performances of composite with maleated and a silane-modified natural fiber have been extensively studied, and the effect of modifier content on the properties of composites has also been investigated in previous studies [12,[21][22][23][24][25]. However, few studies have been reported to compare the properties of natural fiber-reinforced composites between different chemical modifications of natural fibers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties of Poplar Fiber/PLA Composites: Comparison on the Effect of Maleic Anhydride and KH550 Modification of Poplar Fiber

Yang

Feng

et al. 2020

Polymers

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To improve the interfacial adhesion and dispersion of a poplar fiber in a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix, maleic anhydride (MA) and a silane coupling agent (KH550) were used to modify the poplar fiber. The poplar fiber/PLA composites were produced with different modifier contents. The mechanical, thermal, rheological, and physical properties of composites were investigated. A comparison of different natural fiber modifications on the properties of composites was also analyzed. The results showed that both MA and KH550 could improve the interfacial adhesion between the poplar fiber and PLA, resulting in the enhanced mechanical properties of the composite, with 17% and 23% increases of tensile strength for 0.5% MA and 2% KH550, respectively. The thermal properties of the composites were improved at 6% KH550 (a 9% enhancement of T90%) and decreased at 0.5% MA (a 6% decrement of T90%). The wettability of the composites obtained a 11.3% improvement at 4% KH550 and a 5% reduction at 4% MA. Therefore, factors such as mechanical properties, economic efficiency, and durability should be carefully considered when choosing the modifier to improve the property of the composite.

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“…Mechanical, thermo-mechanical or chemo-thermo-mechanical treatments have been used to modify the chemical composition of the fiber surfaces, reducing the presence of lignin and extractives and increasing the presence of cellulose and hemicelluloses [12][13][14][15]. Furthermore, the use of maleic anhydride-grafted polyolefin as a coupling agent has provided a solution to obtain strong interphases [16][17][18][19]. However, the percentage of coupling agent against reinforcement content impacts the strength of the interphase and must be precisely dosed [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topography of the Interfacial Shear Strength and the Mean Intrinsic Tensile Strength of Hemp Fibers as a Reinforcement of Polypropylene

et al. 2020

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The strength of the interphase between the reinforcements and the matrix has a major role in the mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced polyolefin composites. The creation of strong interphases is hindered by the hydrophobic and hydrophilic natures of the matrix and the reinforcements, respectively. Adding coupling agents has been a common strategy to solve this problem. Nonetheless, a correct dosage of such coupling agents is important to, on the one hand guarantee strong interphases and high tensile strengths, and on the other hand ensure a full exploitation of the strengthening capabilities of the reinforcements. The paper proposes using topographic profile techniques to represent the effect of reinforcement and coupling agent contents of the strength of the interphase and the exploitation of the reinforcements. This representation allowed identifying the areas that are more or less sensitive to coupling agent content. The research also helped by finding that an excess of coupling agent had less impact than a lack of this component.

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Effect of Maleic Anhydride-Modified Poly(lactic acid) on the Properties of Its Hybrid Fiber Biocomposites

Cited by 49 publications

References 49 publications

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene and Polypropylene Blend with Enhanced Thermal and Mechanical Properties for Fused Filament Fabrication

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene and Polypropylene Blend with Enhanced Thermal and Mechanical Properties for Fused Filament Fabrication

Properties of Poplar Fiber/PLA Composites: Comparison on the Effect of Maleic Anhydride and KH550 Modification of Poplar Fiber

Topography of the Interfacial Shear Strength and the Mean Intrinsic Tensile Strength of Hemp Fibers as a Reinforcement of Polypropylene

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