Effect of malaria on HIV/AIDS transmission and progression

Abstract

Malaria and HIV are among the two most important global health problems of developing countries. They cause more than 4 million deaths a year. These two infections interact bidirectionally and synergistically with each other. HIV infection increases the risk of an increase in the severity of malaria infection and burdens of malaria, which in turn facilitates the rate of malaria transmission. Malaria infection is also associated with strong CD4+ cell activation and up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and it provides an ideal microenvironment for the spread of the virus among the CD4+ cells and for rapid HIV-1 replication. Additionally, malaria increases blood viral burden by different mechanisms. Therefore, high concentrations of HIV-1 RNA in the blood are predictive of disease progression, and correlate with the risk of blood-borne, vertical, and sexual transmission of the virus. Therefore, this article aims to review information about HIV malaria interactions, the effect of malaria on HIV transmission and progression and the implications related to prevention and treatment of coinfection.

Dengue Infection in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Positive Patient Chronically Infected with Hepatitis B Virus in Western Mexico

“…This enables rapid HIV-1 replication and a consequently accelerated progression of HIV/AIDS disease. [3][4][5] Dengue is a tropical and subtropical mosquito-borne disease. According to the World Health Organization 6 , 2.5 billion persons are at risk for contracting dengue infection, resulting in an estimated incidence of 50-100 million cases per year worldwide.…”

Rapid HIV Progression During Acute HIV-1 Subtype C Infection in a Mozambican Patient with Atypical Seroconversion

“…P. falciparum has been shown to lead to immune activation, increased HIV replication, and a decrease in CD4 counts during chronic HIV infection. [18][19][20] However, there is no information on P. falciparum infection during acute HIV infection. The heightened state of immune activation associated with P. falciparum coinfection may have led to early HIV-specific clonal depletion of CD4 T cells, resulting in impairment of both B-and T-cell responses as described for acute HIV infection in a psoriasis patient.…”

Diagnosing Neglected Tropical Diseases in HIV Coinfection

“…18 Furthermore, malaria infections have been shown to cause an increase in plasma HIV viral load and to be associated with a more rapid decline in cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4+) cells over time. [19][20][21] HIV disease progression and transmission are strongly associated with blood viral load. Therefore, high concentrations of HIV-1 RNA can be predictive of disease progression and correlated with the risk of blood-borne, vertical, and sexual transmission of the virus.…”

“…Therefore, high concentrations of HIV-1 RNA can be predictive of disease progression and correlated with the risk of blood-borne, vertical, and sexual transmission of the virus. 19 Although the five species of parasites of the genus Plasmodium can be involved in the coinfection, the interaction between HIV and P. falciparum is the most widely studied because of its predominance in Africa and the severity associated with this species. 22 The clinical pattern of severe malaria varies in different epidemiological settings.…”