Effect of Macronutrient Composition on Appetite Hormone Responses in Adolescents with Obesity

Abstract

Gut appetite hormone responses may be influenced by meal macronutrients and obesity. The primary aim of this study was to examine in adolescents with obesity and of healthy weight the effect of a high-protein and a high-carbohydrate meal on postprandial gut appetite hormones. A postprandial cross-over study with adolescents 11–19 years old was undertaken. Participants consumed, in random order, a high 79% carbohydrate (HCHO) and a high 55% protein (HP) meal. Ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and self-reported appetite were assessed for four hours postprandial. Total energy intake from an ad libitum lunch and remaining 24 h was assessed. Eight adolescents with obesity (OB) and 12 with healthy weight (HW) participated. Compared with HW, OB adolescents displayed a smaller ghrelin iAUC (−25,896.5 ± 7943 pg/mL/4 h vs. −60,863.5 ± 13104 pg/mL/4 h) (p = 0.008) with no effect of meal (p > 0.05). The suppression of ghrelin relative to baseline was similar between OB and HW. Ghrelin suppression was greater following the HP vs. HCHO meal (effect of meal, p = 0.018). Glucose and insulin response were greater following HCHO vs. HP, with responses more marked in OB (time × weight × meal interaction, p = 0.003 and p = 0.018, respectively). There were no effects of weight or macronutrient on GLP-1 or PYY, appetite or subsequent energy intake. The present study demonstrates that dietary protein can modulate postprandial ghrelin responses; however, this did not translate to subsequent changes in subjective appetite or energy intake.

Dietary macronutrient regulation of acyl and desacyl ghrelin concentrations in children with Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS)

“…There were no differences in the effects of HP‐LC or HP‐LF meals on AG, DAG or the AG:DAG ratio in children with PWS or HC. In contrast, studies with young children 42,43 and adults 44,45 reported that a higher protein meal was more potent than a carbohydrate meal in reducing levels of AG and total ghrelin. Differences in protein levels used in this current study may not have been large enough to alter ghrelin levels.…”

Protein, amino acids and obesity treatment

“…Considering the properties of dietary protein in promoting satiety, energy expenditure through the regulation of mealinduced thermogenesis and in changing body composition in favor of lean mass, high protein diets might be interesting for the management of obesity [10]. In obese adolescents, high protein increased meal-induced thermogenesis and fullness scores [11], whereas no effect on regulating appetite hormones (GLP1, PYY) and energy intake were observed with the high protein diet [12]. Another study reduced calories for a year to 1200-1800 kcal/day, while keeping the normal protein intake for 21 severely obese children and adolescents [13].…”

Asupan Protein, Zat Besi Dan Status Gizi Pada Remaja Putri

“…32 Protein akan memodulasi sinyal neuroendokrin terkait dengan rasa kenyang. 33 Hal tersebut menyebabkan seseorang dapat memiliki rasa kenyang yang lebih lama dibandingkan dengan mengonsumsi karbohidrat dan lemak. 34 Namun, peningkatan asupan protein secara berlebih dalam jangka waktu lama dapat meningkatkan risiko kardiometabolik pada remaja yang obesitas.…”