Dietary macronutrient regulation of acyl and desacyl ghrelin concentrations in children with Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS)

Abstract

Background: The effects of dietary macronutrients on orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones in children are poorly understood. Objective: To explore effects of varying dietary macronutrients on appetite-regulating hormones [acyl ghrelin (AG) and desacyl ghrelin (DAG), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and insulin] in children with PWS and healthy children (HC). Design: Randomized, cross-over experiments compared two test diets [high proteinlow carbohydrate (HP-LC) and high protein-low fat (HP-LF)] to a STANDARD meal (55% carbohydrate, 30% fat, 15% protein). Experiment 1 included ten children with PWS (median age 6.63 years; BMI z 1.05); experiment 2 had seven HC (median age 12.54 years; BMI z 0.95). Blood samples were collected at baseline and at 60-minute intervals for 4 hours. Independent linear mixed models were adjusted for age, sex and BMI z-score. Results: Fasting and post-prandial AG and DAG concentrations are elevated in PWS children; the ratio of AG/DAG is normal. Food consumption reduced AG and DAG concentrations in both PWS and HC. GLP-1 levels were higher in PWS after the HP-LC and HP-LF meals than the STANDARD meal (P = .02-0.04). The fasting proinsulin to insulin ratio (0.08 vs 0.05) was higher in children with PWS (P = .05) than in HC. Average appetite scores in HC declined after all three meals (P = .02) but were lower after the HP-LC and HP-LF meals than the STANDARD meal. Conclusion: Altered processing of proinsulin and increased GLP-1 secretion in children with PWS after a high protein meal intake might enhance satiety and reduce energy intake.

Serum Asprosin Concentrations in Children with Prader–Willi Syndrome: Correlations with Metabolic Parameters

“…The characteristics of the subsample of participants are presented in Table 2. These data were already reported in a previous study conducted by our research group [15], except for asprosin levels, which did not show significant differences between groups. Within-group comparisons of fasting serum asprosin and 1 h post-meal serum asprosin did not differ in children with PWS (3.2 (2.7, 4.5) vs. 3.1 (2.3, 5.0) pg/mL, p = 0.58) nor in BMI-z matched controls (4.4 (3.2, 5.4) vs. 3.9 (3.4, 5.8) pg/mL, p = 0.87).…”

Role of ghrelin in promoting catch-up growth and maintaining metabolic homeostasis in small-for-gestational-age infants

“…AG in the plasma is easily converted to DAG. Therefore, the method used to stabilize AG during the experiment is important in obtaining accurate experimental findings ( 44 ). In recent years, an increasing number of studies have conducted a differential analysis of AG and DAG to distinguish their physiological effects.…”