“…Previous research has shown that LIPUS promotes osteoblast differentiation and both enhances bone ingrowth into porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds and promotes bone formation and maturity in porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds. 23–25 In our study, LIPUS could also cause deformation of the BaTiO 3 crystals, resulting in a microelectric field. In vitro, focused on the influence of the piezoelectric effect on the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.…”
Porous titanium scaffolds can provide sufficient mechanical support and bone growth space for large segmental bone defect repair. However, they fail to restore the physiological environment of bone tissue. Barium titanate (BaTiO3) is considered a smart material that can produce an electric field in response to dynamic force. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation (LIPUS), as a kind of micromechanical wave, can not only promote bone repair but also induce BaTiO3 to generate an electric field. In our studies, BaTiO3 was coated on porous Ti6Al4V and LIPUS was externally applied to observe the influence of the piezoelectric effect on the repair of large bone defects in vitro and in vivo. The results show that the piezoelectric effect can effectively promote the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in vitro as well as bone formation and growth into implants in vivo. This study provides an optional alternative to the conventional porous Ti6Al4V scaffold with enhanced osteogenesis and osseointegration for the repair of large bone defects.
“…Previous research has shown that LIPUS promotes osteoblast differentiation and both enhances bone ingrowth into porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds and promotes bone formation and maturity in porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds. 23–25 In our study, LIPUS could also cause deformation of the BaTiO 3 crystals, resulting in a microelectric field. In vitro, focused on the influence of the piezoelectric effect on the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.…”
Porous titanium scaffolds can provide sufficient mechanical support and bone growth space for large segmental bone defect repair. However, they fail to restore the physiological environment of bone tissue. Barium titanate (BaTiO3) is considered a smart material that can produce an electric field in response to dynamic force. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation (LIPUS), as a kind of micromechanical wave, can not only promote bone repair but also induce BaTiO3 to generate an electric field. In our studies, BaTiO3 was coated on porous Ti6Al4V and LIPUS was externally applied to observe the influence of the piezoelectric effect on the repair of large bone defects in vitro and in vivo. The results show that the piezoelectric effect can effectively promote the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in vitro as well as bone formation and growth into implants in vivo. This study provides an optional alternative to the conventional porous Ti6Al4V scaffold with enhanced osteogenesis and osseointegration for the repair of large bone defects.
“…The LIPUS used in our study provided an option for mechanical force loading on the piezoelectric materials that is not yet documented in the literature even though it has been approved by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of fresh fractures and existing non-union fractures. The parameters we applied were screened in earlier stages of research and were confirmed through both in vivo and in vitro biological experiments to promote osteogenesis in MC3T3-E1 cells [ [25] , [26] , [27] ]. Those parameters can be changed, allowing tissue-specific physiological demands to be fulfilled.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The sham group was treated likewise with the ultrasound generator turned off. These parameters were selected based on previous findings by our group [ [25] , [26] , [27] ]. Fig.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…After 7, 10, and 14 days of incubation, osteocalcin (OCN) secretion, as the release of extracellular matrix protein, was measured using a commercial OCN mouse enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (HuoLe Biotech, China), as described elsewhere [ 26 ].…”
Developing bioactive materials for bone implants to enhance bone healing and bone growth has for years been the focus of clinical research. Barium titanate (BT) is an electroactive material that can generate electrical signals in response to applied mechanical forces. In this study, a BT piezoelectric ceramic coating was synthesized on the surface of a TC4 titanium alloy, forming a BT/TC4 material, and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) was then applied as a mechanical stimulus. The combined effects on the biological responses of MC3T3-E1 cells were investigated. Results of scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction showed that an uniform nanospheres -shaped BT coating was formed on TC4 substrate. Piezoelectric behaviors were observed using piezoelectric force microscopy with the piezoelectric coefficient d
33
of 0.42 pC/N. Electrochemical measures indicated that LIPUS-stimulated BT/TC4 materials could produce a microcurrent of approximately 10 μA/cm
2
.
In vitro
, the greatest osteogenesis (cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation) was found in MC3T3-E1 cells when BT/TC4 was stimulated using LIPUS. Furthermore, the intracellular calcium ion concentration increased in these cells, possibly because opening of the L-type calcium ion channels was promoted and expression of the Ca
V
1.2 protein was increased. Therefore, the piezoelectric BT/TC4 material with LIPUS loading synergistically promoted osteogenesis, rending it a potential treatment for early stage formation of reliable bone-implant contact.
“…Several sections (thickness =100-120 μm) were cut in the central part of the samples using a Leica-SP 1600 diamond-saw microtome (Leica Instruments, Nußloch, Germany) perpendicularly to the long axis of the porous scaffold. The sections were then reduced to a final thickness of approximately 50 μm by using silicon carbide grinding cloths successively, followed by polishing with an alumina suspension (36). Two middle sections of each sample were…”
Section: Preparation Of Hard Tissue Sectionsmentioning
Background: Given their highly adjustable and predictable properties, three-dimensional(3D) printed geometrically ordered porous biomaterials offer unique opportunities as orthopedic implants. The performance of such biomaterials is, however, as much a result of the surface properties of the struts as it is of the 3D porous structure. In our previous study, we have investigated the in vitro performances of selective laser melted (SLM) Ti-6Al-4V scaffolds which are surface modified by the bioactive glass (BG) and mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG), respectively. The results demonstrated that such modification enhanced the attachment, proliferation, and differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSC). Here, we take the next step by assessing the therapeutic potential of 3D printed Ti-6Al-4V scaffolds with BG and MBG surface modifications for bone regeneration in a rabbit bone defect model. Methods: 3D printed Ti-6Al-4V scaffolds with BG and MBG surface modifications were implanted into the femoral condyle of the rabbits, the Ti-6Al-4V scaffolds without surface modification were used as the control. At week 3, 6, and 9 after the implantation, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging, fluorescence double-labeling to determine the mineral apposition rate (MAR), and histological analysis of non-decalcified sections were performed.Results: We found significantly higher volumes of regenerated bone, significantly higher values of the relevant bone morphometric parameters, clear signs of bone matrix apposition and maturation, and the evidence of progressed angiogenesis and blood vessel formation in the groups where the bioactive glass was added as a coating, particularly the MGB group.
Conclusions:The MBG coating resulted in enhanced osteoconduction and vascularization in bone defect healing, which was attributed to the release of silicon and calcium ions and the presence of a nanomesoporous structure on the surface of the MBG specimens.
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