Effect of liquid smoke on surface morphology and tensile strength of Sago Fiber

Abstract

This study aims to identify the effect of liquid smoke treatment on surface morphology and tensile strength of sago fiber (SF), including chemical reactions during the treatment. The proposed study is divided into two steps, fiber treatment and property tests. The first treatment, SF was immersion in the liquid smoke solution for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hours, then dried for 1 hour which then characterized SEM, universal machine testing machine, X-Ray diffractometer (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). The acetic acid in liquid smoke reacts with fiber to form fiber-liquid and H2O compounds. The heating process degrades H2O content in fibers and decomposes C and C elements to close together forming strong chemical bonds so that the fiber morphology become rough, porous, grooved and increasing the tensile strength of the fiber. But excessive heating treatment makes fibers more fragile because the H2O elements degrade too low. Dominant percentage of SF crystallization occurred after 4 and 5 hours, 64.7 and 66.9 %, respectively among other durations, a significant increase of tensile strength 50.813 MPa was achieved by 1-hour immersion in liquid smoke. Hence, as alternative to improve the mechanical characteristics of SF, immersion in liquid smoke should be applied. Furthermore, studies of similar treatment on other natural fibers can also be considered in the future.

Liquid Smoke Treatment for Natural Fibers: The Effect on Tensile Properties, Surface Morphology, Crystalline Properties, and Functional Groups of Banana Stem Fibers

“…A significant increase occurred in P2J, which was 264.21 MPa. This change is influenced by changes in fiber composition, whereas in previous studies conducted by [5][7], the changes in fiber composition could increase fiber strength. Figure 2 shows that BSFs with 2 hours of treatment have a higher tensile strength single fiber, where the shape of the cross-section does not break brittle or change the shape of the fiber before breaking.…”

“…Other methods of fiber treatment conducted by several researchers include the treatment of sago midrib fiber with liquid smoke changing the texture and pores of the fiber [3][4], changing the morphology and increasing the tensile strength of single fibers [5], changing the thermal properties, and changing the properties of the fiber. chemistry [6].…”

Use of liquid smoke for sustainable food preservation and postharvest loss and waste reduction (A review)

“…Some of the main agricultural waste currently in use for the preparation of LS include empty coconut shell, coconut ibre, rice hull, rice husk, corn cob, corn husk, palm kernel shell, palm fronds, empty cocoa pod, cocoa bean skin, durian skin, tobacco stem, candle nutshell, etc (Table 2). [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31] Coconut ibre [29], [32] Oil palm shell [30], [31], [33], [34] Empty Cocoa pod/shell [35], [36], [37], [31] Rice hull [38], [39] Rice husk [28], [31], [40]…”

The Effect of Treatment of Coconut Fiber with Liquid Smoke on Mechanical Properties of Composite

“…The development of research that utilizes renewable and biodegradable materials to replace metal materials is very rapid [1][2][3] [4]. Researchers are currently focusing on non-metallic materials from fibrous plants because the fiber can be used as a composite reinforcement and is easy to obtain, inexpensive, and has mechanical properties [5] [6], such as sago sheath fiber [6], bamboo fiber [7]., pineapple fiber [8], and palm fiber [9] North Maluku, as one of the eastern provinces of Indonesia, is one area that has the potential to research natural fibers into composite reinforcement materials, where there are several studies on natural fibers that have been carried out in eastern Indonesia, including sago fiber, king pineapple fiber, fiber fibers, and others [10] [9].…”

“…Liquid smoke can change the material texture [16] and the texture of natural fibers [10]. Increase in tensile strength of single fiber on 1-hour liquid smoke immersion [6]. Liquid smoke can change the chemical and thermal properties of the fiber [17], and liquid smoke is also antimicrobial [18] [19], which can inhibit the potential for microbial growth on the fiber so that it inhibits fiber damage in its use.…”