Effect of liquid-nitrogen treatment on the properties of a steel 9KhS tool

Effect of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of 4340 steel

“…It should be noted that other researchers [14][15][16][17] have reported hardness improvements due to cryogenic treatment in tool steels, in which the amount of retained austenite is much higher than the one in the present steel.…”

Quench Pool Boiling with Temporary Crystalline Enhancers

“…The adjustment of the cooling rate for individual process requirements allows achieving the needed material characteristics. For example, shortening the cryogenic treatment period for steel samples leads to considerable improvement in a number of areas, such as impact viscosity and flexural strength [3]. In order to reduce the time needed to achieve the desirable temperature, it is necessary to intensify the heat transfer between the items that undergo a cryogenic treatment, and the boiling cryogenic fluid itself.…”