Effect of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of 4340 steel

Zhirafar, S.; Ahmad, Razi; Pugh, Martin

doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.12.046

Cited by 260 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…Hence, it can be concluded that both cryogenically tempered electrode and workpiece has their respective role to play in enhancing the MRR and their coupled effect results in additional improvement in MRR. The fact that cryogenic tempering of AISI D2 steel increases its hardness is very well documented in published research [11,12,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. In present study also, the average hardness value of cryogenically tempered AISI D2 steel was checked and found out to be 63HRC which is 3HRC (5%) more than the untempered sample.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 65%

“…In present study also, the average hardness value of cryogenically tempered AISI D2 steel was checked and found out to be 63HRC which is 3HRC (5%) more than the untempered sample. The other major change in metallurgy of AISI D2 steel after cryogenic tempering is transformation of relatively soft retained austenite into harder martensite [11,12,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. Hence, the improvement in hardness of the cryogenically tempered AISI D2 steel to the untempered ones is attributed to the near absence of retained austenite and more homogeneous distribution of a larger number of finer secondary carbides in the former specimens.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Machinability Evaluation of Cryogenically Tempered Die Steel in Electric Discharge Drilling

Shivnandan¹

2013

IJRET

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Machinability Evaluation of Cryogenically Tempered Die Steel in Electric Discharge Drilling

Shivnandan¹

2013

IJRET

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“…Other researchers, such as A. Molinari et al 20 and F. Cajner et al 21 concluded that these treatments did not modify the impact toughness, while D. Das et al 22 and S. Zhirafar et al 23 reported that cryogenic treatments have a detrimental effect on the impact toughness, accounting for reductions in the order of 15-30 %. B. Podgornik et al 24 analyzed the effect of cryogenic treatments on two P/M tool steels and one high-speed steel, using several processing routes and reporting varied results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of a cryogenic treatment on the fracture toughness of an AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel

Prieto¹,

Tuckart²,

Ipiña³

2017

Mater. Tehnol.

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Cryogenic treatments have been employed over the past three decades for both tool and high-alloy steels to improve their wear resistance, mainly through the transformation of retained austenite and the precipitation of fine carbides. However, as the enhancement of one material property is often at the expense of another, it is interesting to evaluate the effect of this type of treatments on the fracture toughness. The objective of the present work was to determine the plane-strain fracture toughness of a cryogenically treated low-carbon AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel by means of standardized fracture tests, performed in accordance with the ASTM E399 and ASTM E1820 standards. In this study, it was experimentally demonstrated that cryogenically treated specimens showed a simultaneous increase in the KIC and hardness of 30 % and 5 %, respectively, compared to conventionally treated specimens. Keywords: cryogenic treatment, carbide refinement, plane-strain fracture toughness, low-carbon martensitic stainless steel Obdelava s podhlajevanjem v zadnjih treh desetletjih, tako za orodja kot za visokolegirana jekla, pomeni izbolj{anje njihove odpornosti proti obrabi, predvsem zaradi preoblikovanja zadr`anega avstenita in zgo{~evanja finih delcev. Kakorkoli`e, izbolj{anje enega materiala je pogosto, vendar na ra~un drugega, zato je zanimivo oceniti u~inek takega tipa obdelave na lomnò ilavost. Predmet pri~ujo~ega dela je bila dolo~itev lomne`ilavosti kriogensko obdelanega nizkoogljikovega martenzitnega nerjave~ega jekla AISI 420, s pomo~jo standardiziranih testov zlomov, izvedenih v skladu s standardoma ASTM E399 in ASTM E1820. V {tudiji je bilo s poizkusi dokazano, da so kriogensko obdelani vzorci pokazali hkratno pove~anje KCI in trdote za 30 % in 5 %, v primerjavi s konvencionalno obdelanimi vzorci. Klju~ne besede: obdelava s podhlajevanjem, pre~i{~enje delcev, lomna`ilavost, nizkoogljo~no martenzitno nerjave~e jeklo

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“…The cryogenic treatment involves immersion of the as-quenched steel in liquid nitrogen to obtain sub-zero temperatures that favor retained austenite transformation to martensite (Zhirafar, Rezaeian, & Pugh, 2007). Conditioning of retained austenite is a dual tempering and cooling treatment.…”

Section: Effects Of Ni On Austenite and Martensite Transformationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A tempering temperature in the 200°C-250°C range is considerably lower than recommended tempering temperatures for high-strength steels for O&G applications. Interlathretained austenite in UNS G434000 (SAE/AISI 4340) also increases fracture toughness (Zhirafar et al, 2007). Proposed mechanisms for the improved fracture toughness with retained austenite include promotion of crack branching, crack blunting due to plastic flow in retained austenite, prevention of interlath boundary carbide precipitation, and transformation-induced plasticity, where retained austenite transforms to martensite at the crack tip, relieving stress concentration (Malakondaiah et al, 1997;Narasimha Rao & Thomas, 1980).…”

Section: Effect Of Nickel In Fracture Toughnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfide stress cracking of nickel-containing low-alloy steels

et al. 2014

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Low-alloy steels (LAS) are extensively used in oil and gas (O&G) production due to their good mechanical properties and low cost. Even though nickel improves mechanical properties and hardenability with low penalty on weldability, which is critical for large subsea components, nickel content cannot exceed 1-wt% when used in sour service applications. The ISO 15156-2 standard limits the nickel content in LAS on the assumption that nickel concentrations above 1-wt% negatively impact sulfide stress cracking (SSC) resistance. This restriction excludes a significant number of high-strength and high-toughness alloys, such as Ni-Cr-Mo (e.g., UNS G43200 and G43400), Ni-Mo (e.g., UNS G46200), and Ni-Cr-Mo-V grades, from sour service applications and can be used only if successfully qualified. However, the standard is based on controversial research conducted more than 40 years ago. Since then, researchers have suggested that it is the microstructure that determines SSC resistance, regardless of Ni content. This review summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of nickel-containing LAS in terms of strength, weldability, hardenability, potential weight savings, and cost reduction. Likewise, the state of knowledge on the effect of nickel on hydrogen absorption as well as SSC initiation and propagation kinetics is critically reviewed.

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Effect of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of 4340 steel

Cited by 260 publications

References 8 publications

Machinability Evaluation of Cryogenically Tempered Die Steel in Electric Discharge Drilling

Machinability Evaluation of Cryogenically Tempered Die Steel in Electric Discharge Drilling

Influence of a cryogenic treatment on the fracture toughness of an AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel

Sulfide stress cracking of nickel-containing low-alloy steels

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