Effect of Land-Use Change on Runoff in Hyrcania

Abstract

Population growth and human activities have resulted in drastic changes in land use in many areas of the world, including the Hyrcania region in northern Iran. Land-use changes affect the hydrological processes of water basins. This study evaluated the effect of land-use changes on runoff over 15 years in the Haraz River basin located in Hyrcania using remote sensing data and GIS analyses. The annual precipitation of the region is 66.5 cm. Two Landsat images were used to develop land-use maps for 1996 and 2011. Original image features, their principal components, and vegetation indices were used to classify the two Landsat images into different land-use categories. Runoff was predicted from precipitation, land use, and hydrological soil groups, using the SCS-CN model (the “curve number” approach). During the 15 years, 62.4% of the area remained unchanged and 37.6% had undergone a land-use change. The highest average runoffs were obtained for bare land (14.1–14.5 cm/year) and residential land (10.4–11.4 cm/year), and the lowest for dense forest (2.5–2.6 cm/year) and first-grade rangeland (2.8–3.1 cm/year). The volume of annual runoff increased by 9% during 1996–2011 due to land-use changes. Runoff was estimated at 9.4% of precipitation in 1996, and 9.6% of precipitation in 2011. Most of the increase was related to the increased area of bare land and decreased area of rangeland. The study indicated that combined use of the SCS-CN approach, remote sensing data, and GIS tools allow cost-effective runoff estimation, helping watershed management. The results on the effect of land-use change on runoff can be seen as a warning for land-use managers and policymakers, who should aim at stopping and reversing the current land-use trends of the Haraz River basin.

20-Year Ecological Impact Analysis of Shibing Karst World Natural Heritage through Land Use

“…Changes in ecological quality are closely related to changes in land use types. Changes in land use types can alter land cover conditions and affect many ecological processes, such as biodiversity [33], climate [34], surface runoff [35,36], soil erosion [37,38], and water and soil loss [39]. Not only can they cause changes in surface vegetation and changes in surface temperature, affecting the net primary productivity of plants, but they can also indirectly affect the activities of various microorganisms that depend on the growth of vegetation [40].…”

Comparison Study of Installation Costs of Concrete Culvert to Modular Wells From Polypropylene Panel

“…Changes in land use from swamps to settlements also cause higher runoff due to the soil's inability to absorb water due to urbanization. This condition results in a high water discharge during heavy rains that flow into the canal and risks increasing flooding in Pontianak (Kusrini, et al, 2011;Kundarto 2020;Armus,et al, 2021;Ahmadi-Sani, et al, 2022). Pontianak is experiencing high urbanization, where empty land previously in swamps has become densely populated settlements (Utami, 2023).…”

The Impact of Climate Change as Well as Land-Use and Land-Cover Changes on Water Yield Services in Haraz Basin

“…Various studies have been conducted in the northern basins in Iran [31][32][33][34][35]. For instance, Ahmadi-Sani et al [36] depicted that 37.6% of the basin had undergone a LULCC that increased the volume of annual runoff by 9%. In addition, after growing agricultural lands, grassland, and residential area, the volume of flow and water yield grew [35][36][37][38][39].…”

“…For instance, Ahmadi-Sani et al [36] depicted that 37.6% of the basin had undergone a LULCC that increased the volume of annual runoff by 9%. In addition, after growing agricultural lands, grassland, and residential area, the volume of flow and water yield grew [35][36][37][38][39]. In contrast, other studies assessed the effect of climate change on water yield.…”