Effect of kaolinite on the specific infectivity of reovirus

Lipson, Scott E.

doi:10.1016/0378-1097(86)90221-1

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…Although adsorption of poliovirus Type 1 to sandy loam soil protected the virus from inactivation, adsorption to sand had little effect on the rate of poliovirus inactivation (Yeager and O’Brien 1979a). Lipson and Stotzky (1986) studied the mechanisms whereby particulates affect the specific infectivity of viruses. They used reovirus Type 3, kaolinite and L‐929 mouse fibroblasts as the model system.…”

Section: Studies On Soil Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology of viruses in soils: Past, present and future perspectives

Kimura

Jia

Nakayama

et al. 2008

Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

227

177

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Viruses play important roles in biogeochemical nutrient cycles and act as genomic reservoirs in marine and freshwater environments, the understanding of which brought about the so-called 'third age' of virus ecology in aquatic environments. Unfortunately, the third age is in oceanography and limnology and outside the soil world. The main reason why virus ecology in soils has shown less progress is that agronomical and epidemiological interests were the primary motivation of viral studies by soil microbiologists. In this review, past research on viruses in soils is summarized after the introduction of the ecological traits of viruses, which are the effects of viruses on beneficial bacteria and soil-borne plant pathogens, adsorption of viruses to soils, and soil factors affecting viral inactivation and survival in soils. Horizontal gene transfer (transduction) in soils is also reviewed. Second, the abundance of viruses and their roles in biogeochemical nutrient cycles are summarized in aquatic environments. Five to 25% of the carbon fixed by primary producers is estimated to enter into the microbial loop via virus-induced lysis at different trophic levels in aquatic environments. The diversity of virus communities in aquatic environments estimated from analyses of the frequency distribution of capsid sizes and the morphology of virus populations are reviewed, and recent findings on the genomic diversity of viruses and their roles as the greatest genomic reservoirs in aquatic environments follow in the subsequent section. Viral genomics is elucidating the viral diversity and phylogenetic relationships among viruses in different environments. As the soil environment is a more diverse habitat for viruses than aquatic environments, viruses in soils have great potential to play roles comparable in quantity, which are unique in quality, to those in aquatic environments. Therefore, the potentiality and characteristics of viruses in soils are discussed in the final section for future research on virus ecology in soils from the viewpoints of biogeochemistry and genomic diversity. Synecological approaches to viruses in soils may open up a new era of soil virus ecology.

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Section: Studies On Soil Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology of viruses in soils: Past, present and future perspectives

Kimura

Jia

Nakayama

et al. 2008

Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

227

177

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“… 1983a , 1983b ). Lipson and Stotzky ( 1983 , 1986 ) showed that viruses (e.g., poliovirus, coxsackie virus, reovirus) are adsorbed onto clays with enhanced survivability. The adsorption of reovirus onto MMT or kaolinite was almost immediate and correlated with the cation exchange capacity of the clays (Lipson and Stotzky 1983 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disassembly of the cystovirus ϕ6 envelope by montmorillonite clay

et al. 2013

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Prior studies of clay–virus interactions have focused on the stability and infectivity of nonenveloped viruses, yielding contradictory results. We hypothesize that the surface charge distribution of the clay and virus envelope dictates how the components react and affect aggregation, viral stability, and infectivity. The bacteriophage Cystoviridae species φ6 used in this study is a good model for enveloped pathogens. The interaction between φ6 and montmorillonite (MMT) clay (the primary component of bentonite) is explored by transmission electron microscopy. The analyses show that MMT–φ6 mixtures undergo heteroaggregation, forming structures in which virtually all the virions are either sequestered between MMT platelet layers or attached to platelet edges. The virions swell and undergo disassembly resulting in partial or total envelope loss. Edge-attached viral envelopes distort to increase contact area with the positively charged platelet edges indicating that the virion surface is negatively charged. The nucleocapsid (NCs) remaining after envelope removal also exhibit distortion, in contrast to detergent-produced NCs which exhibit no distortion. This visually discernible disassembly is a mechanism for loss of infectivity previously unreported by studies of nonenveloped viruses. The MMT-mediated sequestration and disassembly result in reduced infectivity, suggesting that clays may reduce infectivity of enveloped pathogenic viruses in soils and sediments.

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“…Thus, smectite clay represents a valid alternative to cation-exchange resins, especially for the isolation or purication of proteins and enzymes for technical applications. 6,7,19 Owing to these properties, it is suitable for the adsorption of not only proteins but also biologically active molecules such as alkaloids, 19,20 nucleic acids, 21,22 nitroaromatic compounds, 23,24 viruses, [25][26][27] and chlorinated phenols. 1 The adsorption of proteins has been studied using a-zirconium phosphate; [28][29][30] adsorption of proteins and cells [31][32][33][34] has been investigated with montmorillonite and related layered clays.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%