Effect of irrigation and tree density on vegetative growth, oil yield and water use efficiency in young olive orchard under arid conditions in Mendoza, Argentina

Trentacoste, Eduardo R.; Puertas, Carlos M.; Sadras, Víctor O.

doi:10.1007/s00271-015-0479-z

Cited by 34 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…León et al ( 2007 ) reported a similar response. Fruit characteristics (fruit mass, maturity and oil content) were not affected by the intra-row spacing at any harvest, consistent with previous reports in olive (Larbi et al, 2012 ; Trentacoste et al, 2015c ; Díez et al, 2016 ). Thus, other aspects of orchard design such as inter-row spacing (Trentacoste et al, 2015a ) or row-orientation (Trentacoste et al, 2015b ) are more determinants of incident irradiance on canopy and consequently on fruit characteristics than intra-row spacing.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Long-term Effect of Intra-Row Spacing on Growth and Productivity of Super-High Density Hedgerow Olive Orchards (cv. Arbequina)

2017

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Intra-row spacing is known to determine early productivity of super-high density olive orchards depending on growing conditions, cultivar growth characteristics, planting geometry and subsequent pruning management but few experiments have been carried out in this olive hedgerow orchard design. In 2008 an experiment of 4-m spaced hedgerows was established with 8 intra-row spacings (from 1.0 to 2.5 m) in Toledo (Spain) resulting in orchards of density ranging from 2,500 to 1,000 trees ha−1. Tree growth was evaluated as height, trunk diameter and leaf area during the first 4 years. Hedgerow porosity was calculated from the 4th until the 9th year. In the 8th year hedgerow height, width, leaf area and branch angles were measured. Olives were harvested from 3rd to 9th year for measurements of fruit characteristics and productivity. Tree growth was not affected by intra-row spacing during the first 4 years. In the 8th year leaf area, external surface area and volume per tree were significantly greater in the more spaced trees; but hedgerow characteristics of leaf area per hectare, number of effective leaf layers horizontally through the hedgerow, and leaf density were not affected. In the more spaced trees insertion angles of branches to the vertical were significantly greater, mainly in the lower canopy. Intra-row spacing did not affect fruit characteristics. Oil production ha−1 decreased linearly with spacing during the first 4 harvests while production per tree increased significantly with spacing after the 3rd harvest. As a result, oil production ha−1 from the seven harvests combined only increased for tree spacing less than 1.2 m; wider spacing had no effect. Annual oil production ha−1 increased linearly as porosity was reduced by greater tree density and canopy development along the seasons.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Long-term Effect of Intra-Row Spacing on Growth and Productivity of Super-High Density Hedgerow Olive Orchards (cv. Arbequina)

2017

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“…However, fruit yield for olive trees (cv. Frantoio) irrigated when the Ψ stem dropped below -2.5 MPa, was statistically similar to the control (Ψ stem threshold between -1.2 and -1.5 MPa) ( Trentacoste et al, 2015 ). Correa-Tedesco et al (2010) indicated that water deficit (Ψ stem = -2.5 MPa) did not affect fruit weight.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…This often occurs because in the “on” year there is low shoot growth, which leads to few potentially reproductive buds for the next year; when crop load is high there is inhibition of floral induction ( Dag et al, 2010 ; Fernández et al, 2015 ). Consequently, the year-to-year variations in yield are directly related with fruit number per tree of each year ( Martín-Vertedor et al, 2011 ; Trentacoste et al, 2015 ). Additionally, fruit size and fruit weight were lower in the seasons with higher crop loads.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Irrigation cut-off strategies using water potential thresholds have been suggested for several researchers in prune, vineyards, and olive orchards ( Lampinen et al, 2001 ; Girona et al, 2006 ; Moriana et al, 2012 ; Trentacoste et al, 2015 ). These strategies consist of suppressing irrigation completely during a given phenological phase which is insensitive to water deficit, and reestablishing irrigation only when a threshold value of Ψ stem is reached.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Yield and Water Productivity Responses to Irrigation Cut-off Strategies after Fruit Set Using Stem Water Potential Thresholds in a Super-High Density Olive Orchard

et al. 2017

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An increase in the land area dedicated to super-high density olive orchards has occurred in Chile in recent years. Such modern orchards have high irrigation requirements, and optimizing water use is a priority. Moreover, this region presents low water availability, which makes necessary to establish irrigation strategies to improve water productivity. An experiment was conducted during four consecutive growing seasons (2010–2011 to 2013–2014) to evaluate the responses of yield and water productivity to irrigation cut-off strategies. These strategies were applied after fruit set using midday stem water potential (Ψstem) thresholds in a super-high density olive orchard (cv. Arbequina), located in the Pencahue Valley, Maule Region, Chile. The experimental design was completely randomized with four irrigation cut-off treatments based on the Ψstem thresholds and four replicate plots per treatment (five trees per plot). Similar to commercial growing conditions in our region, the Ψstem in the T1 treatment was maintained between -1.4 and -2.2 MPa (100% of actual evapotranspiration), while T2, T3 and T4 treatments did not receive irrigation from fruit set until they reached a Ψstem threshold of approximately -3.5, -5.0, and -6.0 MPa, respectively. Once the specific thresholds were reached, irrigation was restored and maintained as T1 in all treatments until fruits were harvested. Yield and its components were not significantly different between T1 and T2, but fruit yield and total oil yield, fruit weight, and fruit diameter were decreased by the T3 and T4 treatments. Moreover, yield showed a linear response with water stress integral (SΨ), which was strongly influenced by fruit load. Total oil content (%) and pulp/stone ratio were not affected by the different irrigation strategies. Also, fruit and oil water productivities were significantly greater in T1 and T2 than in the T3 and T4. Moreover, the T2, T3, and T4 treatments averaged 37, 51, and 72 days without irrigation which represented 75–83, 62–76, and 56–70% of applied water compared with T1, respectively. These results suggest that using the T2 irrigation cut-off strategy could be applied in a super-high density olive orchard (cv. Arbequina) because it maintained yields, saving 20% of the applied water.

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“…Olive orchards consist of the dominant permanent crops in Portugal, covering approximately 50% of the total area with tree crops, namely in Alentejo, southern Portugal, where olives are mainly cropped for oil production. Super high density olive orchards, with more than 1500 trees ha´1, also known as hedgerow olive orchards, are growing fast due to their high yield and economic productivity [1][2][3]. However, they have higher water requirements than less intensive orchards [1]; it is therefore necessary to improve related knowledge about crop evapotranspiration to support appropriate irrigation management and scheduling [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crop Coefficients and Transpiration of a Super Intensive Arbequina Olive Orchard using the Dual Kc Approach and the Kcb Computation with the Fraction of Ground Cover and Height

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Paredes

Pereira

et al. 2019

Water

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The SIMDualKc model was used to simulate crop water requirements for a super high density olive orchard in the region of Alentejo, Portugal. This model uses the dual crop coefficient approach to estimate and partitioning the actual crop evapotranspiration (ETc act) and therefore to perform the soil water balance. The model was calibrated with 2011 tree transpiration using trunk sap flow measurements and was validated using similar data from 2012 and tested with 2013 data. Low root mean square errors (RMSE < 0.53 mm·d−1) and acceptable modelling efficiency indicators (EF > 0.25) were obtained. Further validation was performed comparing modelled ETc act with eddy covariance measurements. These indicators support the appropriateness of using SIMDualKc to guide irrigation management. The basal crop coefficient (Kcb) curves obtained with SIMDualKc for those 3 years were compared with the Kcb values computed with the Allen and Pereira approach (A&P approach) where Kcb is estimated from the fraction of ground cover and plant height considering an adjustment factor for crop stomatal control (Fr). Fr values were obtained through a trial and error procedure through comparing the Kcb estimated with this approach and with SIMDualKc. The Kcb curves obtained by both methods resulted highly correlated, which indicates that the A&P approach may be used in the irrigation management practice to estimate crop water requirements. Results of performing the soil water balance with SIMDualKc have shown that soil evaporation is a large fraction of ETc act, varying between 41% and 45% for the 3 years under study. Irrigation, applied with a drip system, represented 39 to 56% of ETc act, which shows the great importance of irrigation to achieve the water requirements of super intensive olive orchards. Nevertheless, the analysis has shown that the irrigation management adopted at the orchard produces a water deficit larger than desirable, with a ratio of ETc act to non-stressed crop evapotranspiration (ETc) varying from 70% to 94% during the mid-season, when that ratio for a eustress irrigation management could be around 90%.

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Effect of irrigation and tree density on vegetative growth, oil yield and water use efficiency in young olive orchard under arid conditions in Mendoza, Argentina

Cited by 34 publications

References 53 publications

Long-term Effect of Intra-Row Spacing on Growth and Productivity of Super-High Density Hedgerow Olive Orchards (cv. Arbequina)

Long-term Effect of Intra-Row Spacing on Growth and Productivity of Super-High Density Hedgerow Olive Orchards (cv. Arbequina)

Yield and Water Productivity Responses to Irrigation Cut-off Strategies after Fruit Set Using Stem Water Potential Thresholds in a Super-High Density Olive Orchard

Crop Coefficients and Transpiration of a Super Intensive Arbequina Olive Orchard using the Dual Kc Approach and the Kcb Computation with the Fraction of Ground Cover and Height

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