“…The topic of ion transport in cement-based media has been extensively explored by scientists over the last few decades, e.g., [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. Most papers [ 19 , 20 , 23 , 24 , 27 , 32 ] consider one-dimensional models, and many models neglect the influence of ion activities on transport [ 19 , 20 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 33 ]. Many papers concentrate on chloride ions diffusion only, neglecting other ions and their interactions [ 19 , 20 , 25 , 27 , 29 , 30 ].…”