Effect of Internal Hydrogen on Delayed Cracking of Metastable Low-Nickel Austenitic Stainless Steels

Papula, Suvi; Talonen, Juho; Todoshchenko, Olga; Hänninen, Hannu

doi:10.1007/s11661-014-2465-0

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Crack initiation in the Swift cups of this material occurs relatively shortly within a few hours from deep drawing. The high susceptibility of this material to delayed cracking after forming has been explained by the low austenite stability, high hydrogen content and high residual stresses …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The high susceptibility of this material to delayed cracking after forming has been explained by the low austenite stability, high hydrogen content and high residual stresses. 33,34 Tensile testing was performed at a constant strain rate of 3 × 10 À4 s À1 with Zwick/Roell Z020 (Zwick/Roell, Ulm, Germany) equipment and a Zwick incremental clip-on extensometer (Zwick/Roell, Ulm, Germany). Machined specimens with 50 mm gauge length were used.…”

Section: E X P E R I M E N T a Lmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, the kinetics of delayed cracking phenomenon is studied in a low‐Ni austenitic stainless steel 204Cu, which is a material very prone to this type of cracking, using a specially designed constant load tensile testing arrangement. The effect of applied stress, α′‐martensite content and hydrogen content are systematically examined and their relative importance is discussed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Delayed cracking of low‐nickel austenitic stainless steel studied with constant load tensile testing

Papula

Talonen

Hänninen

2015

Fatigue Fract Eng Mat Struct

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A B S T R A C T Delayed cracking in unstable low-Ni austenitic stainless steel 204Cu was studied by constant load tensile testing. The developed testing arrangement enabled a systematical examination on the effect of applied stress, strain-induced α′-martensite and internal hydrogen content on time to fracture. Volume fraction of strain-induced α′-martensite was shown to affect cracking kinetics, except at a very high stress level. Hydrogen content had a marked effect on time to fracture, also at the highest applied stress level. When hydrogen content was reduced by annealing, delayed cracking kinetics and susceptibility were suppressed, and cracking required a considerably higher stress level. The apparent critical hydrogen content, below which delayed cracking was not observed, was about 0.85 wppm. According to scanning electron microscope and electron backscattering diffraction examination, fracture mechanism in the constant load test specimens was mainly transgranular quasi-cleavage, and cracking propagated along α′-martensite.Keywords constant load testing; hydrogen; hydrogen-induced delayed cracking; stainless steel; strain-induced α′-martensite; stress ratio.N O M E N C L A T U R E EBSD = electron backscattering diffraction LDR = limiting drawing ratio SFE = stacking fault energy TDS = thermal desorption spectroscopy I N T R O D U C T I O NDelayed cracking can occur in formed metallic components under static stress, applied or residual, below the yield strength of the material. It is a problem concerning high-strength steels and also some metastable austenitic stainless steels. Cracks may appear in successfully formed components after days or even months from forming, such as deep drawing. Metastable austenitic stainless steels, in which austenite is partly transformed to martensite under plastic strain, possess an excellent combination of strength and elongation, as the formation of strain-induced martensite increases work hardening of the material. Because of their high energy-absorbing capacity, metastable austenitic stainless steels have become attractive materials to be used, for example, in automotive crash-relevant structures. Nickel accounts for a significant percentage of the raw material cost of conventional austenitic stainless steels.Therefore, low-Ni austenitic stainless steels, in which nickel alloying is partly substituted with manganese and nitrogen, have become increasingly popular. They exhibit as good or even better mechanical properties than their nickel-alloyed counterparts, but are generally more susceptible to delayed cracking than the Fe-Cr-Ni austenitic stainless steels, if they experience strain-induced martensitic transformation during forming. This has been one of the important factors limiting increasing use of low-Ni austenitic stainless steels in many potential applications. Delayed cracking of metastable austenitic stainless steels is related to coexistence of solute hydrogen, straininduced α′-martensite and residual tensile stresses. 1-3 Crack initiation and growth are cont...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: E X P E R I M E N T a Lmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Delayed cracking of low‐nickel austenitic stainless steel studied with constant load tensile testing

Papula

Talonen

Hänninen

2015

Fatigue Fract Eng Mat Struct

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“…Previous researchers have investigated the hydrogen properties of deepdrawn cups to understand delayed cracking, because the deep drawing stress is closer to the actual stress state applied in the industry, as compared with a uniaxial deformation. For example, Papula et al [8] revealed the influence of residual stress, strain-induced martensite, and internal hydrogen on the delayed cracking of deep-drawn metastable austenitic stainless steels (MASS). Berrahmoune, et al [9] concluded that delayed cracking occurred at a high residual-stress level by tracking the amount and distribution of residual stress in a deep-drawn austenitic steel cup.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Resistance to Delayed Cracking in Deep-drawn Lean Duplex Stainless Steel: the Role of Residual Stress

2017

Korean J. Met. Mater.

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The delayed cracking behavior of deep-drawn lean duplex stainless steel (LDSS) was investigated, and compared with that of conventional metastable austenitic stainless steels (MASS). Hydrogen charging was performed by electrochemical method, and the hydrogen charged specimens were subjected to the slow strain rate test. Fractures occurred along the phase boundaries in the LDSS, whereas the MASS specimens showed typical intergranular fractures after the hydrogen charging. In particular, the LDSS exhibited a superior limiting drawing ratio in spite of the large amount of internal hydrogen, and high sensitivity to hydrogen embrittlement. The high resistance to delayed cracking originated with the relatively lower residual stress generated during the deep drawing process. This is a consequence of the suppression of martensitic transformation in the LDSS, due to Mn partitioning.

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“…Small average concentration of hydrogen absorbed in the material during its manufacturing process is sufficient to cause delayed cracking. 7) Hydrogen may enter steel from water contained in the raw materials or in the furnace gases, during pickling in mineral acids or cathodic electrolytical…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delayed Cracking of Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels after Deep Drawing

et al. 2015

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Effect of Internal Hydrogen on Delayed Cracking of Metastable Low-Nickel Austenitic Stainless Steels

Cited by 11 publications

References 32 publications

Delayed cracking of low‐nickel austenitic stainless steel studied with constant load tensile testing

Delayed cracking of low‐nickel austenitic stainless steel studied with constant load tensile testing

Enhanced Resistance to Delayed Cracking in Deep-drawn Lean Duplex Stainless Steel: the Role of Residual Stress

Delayed Cracking of Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels after Deep Drawing

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