Delayed Cracking of Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels after Deep Drawing

Papula, Suvi; Saukkonen, Tapio; Talonen, Juho; Hänninen, Hannu

doi:10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2015-078

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…Consequently, the formability, particularly the deep drawability of austenitic stainless steels has been effectively improved [3][4][5]. However, the deformation induced martensitic transformation may raise the material susceptibility to delayed cracking (DC) after forming [6][7][8][9][10], since it induces residual stress and affects both the solubility and diffusivity of hydrogen. Cracks occur unpredictably in successfully formed components after hours, days or even weeks, raising substantial reliability and safety risks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many studies have been carried out to investigate the influence of austenite stability on delayed cracking behavior [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. The strain induced martensitic transformation leads to high residual stress in meta-stable austenitic stainless steels, which may trigger crack initiation, especially in hydrogen-rich environment [6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Delayed cracking behavior of a meta-stable austenitic stainless steel under bending condition

Guo

Lian

et al. 2019

Materials Science and Engineering: A

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delayed cracking behavior of a meta-stable austenitic stainless steel under bending condition

Guo

Lian

et al. 2019

Materials Science and Engineering: A

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“…In stainless steels with metastable austenite, once a delayed crack has initiated, crack propagation is facilitated by strain-induced α’-martensite transformation in the highly plastically deformed region ahead of the crack tip. Localized martensite transformation and crack propagation along α’-martensite phase have been reported in several hydrogen embrittlement studies of austenitic stainless steels [ 21 , 22 , 23 ]. The local martensitic transformation and high dislocation density enhances hydrogen entry and trapping in the region [ 24 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Hydrogen-Induced Delayed Cracking in TRIP-Aided Lean-Alloyed Ferritic-Austenitic Stainless Steels

et al. 2017

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Susceptibility of three lean-alloyed ferritic-austenitic stainless steels to hydrogen-induced delayed cracking was examined, concentrating on internal hydrogen contained in the materials after production operations. The aim was to study the role of strain-induced austenite to martensite transformation in the delayed cracking susceptibility. According to the conducted deep drawing tests and constant load tensile testing, the studied materials seem not to be particularly susceptible to delayed cracking. Delayed cracks were only occasionally initiated in two of the materials at high local stress levels. However, if a delayed crack initiated in a highly stressed location, strain-induced martensite transformation decreased the crack arrest tendency of the austenite phase in a duplex microstructure. According to electron microscopy examination and electron backscattering diffraction analysis, the fracture mode was predominantly cleavage, and cracks propagated along the body-centered cubic (BCC) phases ferrite and α’-martensite. The BCC crystal structure enables fast diffusion of hydrogen to the crack tip area. No delayed cracking was observed in the stainless steel that had high austenite stability. Thus, it can be concluded that the presence of α’-martensite increases the hydrogen-induced cracking susceptibility.

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“…Raising the drawing ratio also increases the risk for delayed cracking due to the increase in maximum transformed martensitic fractions and residual stresses in the drawn specimens. The severity level of the delayed cracks is increased with increasing drawing ratio of SUS301 cylindrical drawn cups [3]. The risk of delayed cracking was markedly reduced after annealing processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Eliminating Delayed Cracks in Deep-Drawn SUS304 Cups Under Wider Range and Lower Magnitude of Blank Holding Forces Using Tin Coated Die

Tan

Phoo

2021

Preprint

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The effect of TiN coated die on eliminating delayed cracks in deep drawing processes of stainless steel SUS304 cylindrical cups under elevated blank holding forces (BHF) using a commercial lubricant at room temperature is investigated in the experiment. For comparison, the experiment is repeated using an uncoated and finely polished die under the same conditions. The results shows that the crack-free BHF range for the coated and the uncoated dies are 5~10 kN and 12 kN, respectively. Both the magnitude and range of the crack-free BHF are successfully lowered and enlarged by applying TiN coating to the die surface. Lower magnitude and wider range for BHF are preferred in the industries as it is difficult to maintain a high, constant and precise BHF during the deep drawing process using coil springs or die cushions. The elimination of the cracks is mainly due to the decrease in amount of strain-induced martensite resulting from the lower amount of wall thickening, particularly in the valley points along the cup earring profiles. The improved tribological performance by the coating enhances the radial flow of the materials into the die cavity resulting in lower amount of wall thickening. The chance for delayed cracks is reduced with decreasing amount of wall thcikening. Overall, the amount of tensile residual stresses along the outer surface of the cup, particularly in the upper portion is reduced with the coated die due to its low BHF. Therefore, the risk for the cracks is reduced.

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Delayed Cracking of Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels after Deep Drawing

Cited by 11 publications

References 40 publications

Delayed cracking behavior of a meta-stable austenitic stainless steel under bending condition

Delayed cracking behavior of a meta-stable austenitic stainless steel under bending condition

Hydrogen-Induced Delayed Cracking in TRIP-Aided Lean-Alloyed Ferritic-Austenitic Stainless Steels

Eliminating Delayed Cracks in Deep-Drawn SUS304 Cups Under Wider Range and Lower Magnitude of Blank Holding Forces Using Tin Coated Die

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