Effect of Initial Total Monomer Concentration on the Swelling Behavior of Cationic Acrylamide-Based Hydrogels

Baker, John P.; Hong, Le H.; Blanch, Harvey W.; Prausnitz, John M.

doi:10.1021/ma00084a026

Cited by 192 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…One way to change the porosity is to change the total polymer concentration while keeping the cross-linker ratios and the reaction conditions constant (35,36). To isolate the test to the effect of porosity, we used acrylamide gels with varying monomer concentrations but identical cross-linker ratios (4%T, 0.13%C; 12%T, 0.4%C; 20%T, 0.67%C; 24%T, 0.8%C) (SI Appendix, Figs.…”

Section: Experimental Validation and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stochastic electrotransport selectively enhances the transport of highly electromobile molecules

Kim

Cho

Murray

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

209

235

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Nondestructive chemical processing of porous samples such as fixed biological tissues typically relies on molecular diffusion. Diffusion into a porous structure is a slow process that significantly delays completion of chemical processing. Here, we present a novel electrokinetic method termed stochastic electrotransport for rapid nondestructive processing of porous samples. This method uses a rotational electric field to selectively disperse highly electromobile molecules throughout a porous sample without displacing the low-electromobility molecules that constitute the sample. Using computational models, we show that stochastic electrotransport can rapidly disperse electromobile molecules in a porous medium. We apply this method to completely clear mouse organs within 1-3 days and to stain them with nuclear dyes, proteins, and antibodies within 1 day. Our results demonstrate the potential of stochastic electrotransport to process large and dense tissue samples that were previously infeasible in time when relying on diffusion.stochastic electrotransport | molecular transport | tissue clearing | tissue labeling | CLARITY

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Section: Experimental Validation and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stochastic electrotransport selectively enhances the transport of highly electromobile molecules

Kim

Cho

Murray

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

209

235

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“…V s is the molar volume of water. w¼w 1 +fw 2 , where 41 The calculated values of n e for NC and OR gels are listed in Table 1. The effect of C clay on n e in NC gels is analogous to that of C BIS on n e in OR gels; that is, n e of NC gels increases with C clay .…”

Section: Organic/inorganic Network Structures Formation Of Network Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and properties of soft nanocomposite materials with novel organic/inorganic network structures

Haraguchi

2011

Polym J

211

167

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We have fabricated new types of polymer hydrogels and polymer nanocomposites, that is, nanocomposite gels (NC gels) and soft polymer nanocomposites (M-NCs), with novel organic/inorganic network structures. Both NC gels and M-NCs were synthesized by in situ free-radical polymerization in the presence of exfoliated clay platelets in aqueous systems and were obtained in various forms and sizes with a wide range of clay contents. Here, disk-like inorganic clay nanoparticles function as multifunctional crosslinkers to form new types of network systems. NC gels have extraordinary optical, mechanical and swelling/deswelling properties, as well as a number of new characteristics relating to optical anisotropy, polymer/clay morphology, biocompatibility, stimuli-sensitive surfaces, micropatterning and so on. The M-NCs also exhibit dramatic improvements in optical and mechanical properties including ultrahigh reversible extensibility and well-defined yielding behavior, despite their high clay contents. Thus, the serious disadvantages (intractability, mechanical fragility, optical turbidity, poor processing ability, low stimulus sensitivity and so on) associated with the conventional, chemically crosslinked polymeric materials were overcome in NC gels and M-NCs. Keywords: clay; hydrogel; mechanical properties; nanocomposite; network INTRODUCTIONPolymer nanocomposites (P-NCs), composed of organic polymer and inorganic nanoparticles, have been widely investigated in the last three decades to develop new, value-added polymeric materials based on existing polymers. [1][2][3][4] To date, many P-NCs consisting of various polymers and inorganic nanoparticles (for example, silica, silsesquioxane, titania, clay, carbon nanotubes) have been developed by using sol-gel reactions of metal alkoxides or organic premodification of nanoparticles. [1][2][3][4][5] The resulting P-NCs show significant improvements in some properties, such as modulus, heat-distortion temperature, hardness, gas impermeability and so on. However, the P-NCs developed so far have encountered inherent difficulties in preparation and processing as the inorganic content increases. In the case of polymer/ clay nanocomposites, in general, only a few weight percent of clay can actually be incorporated into NCs (o10 wt%, at the most) in the form of organic modified clay. 2,4,5 Further increases in clay content often cause structural inhomogeneities because of inadequate dispersion or irregular aggregation of the clay, and always result in disadvantageous optical and mechanical properties and processability.To overcome these limitations, we extend the concept of 'organic/ inorganic nanocomposites' to the field of soft materials, such as 'polymer hydrogels' and 'soft polymers,' under the strategy of fabricating novel organic/inorganic structures. In the present article, we give an overview of the development of two types of soft nanocomposites,

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“…This expectation is confirmed by swelling equilibria which show significant effects of %T; theoretical calculations cannot describe quantitatively the effects of %T. (14,15). If we could calculate the effective topographical crosslink density at various %T and %C, we might then be better able to calculate the relative effects of changing %C and % T on size-exclusion curves.…”

Section: B Prediction Of Size Exclusionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Characterization of size-exclusion effects in highly swollen hydrogels: Correlation and prediction

Sassi

Blanch

Prausnitz

1996

J. Appl. Polym. Sci.

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The literature provides several size‐exclusion theories to predict solute exclusion by highly swollen hydrogels. Theoretical calculations are compared to the experimental data of Walther et al. (1993) for partitioning of poly(ethylene glycol)s and poly(ethylene oxide)s of various molecular weight into hydrogels made of poly‐N‐isopropylacrylamide or poly‐2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate/dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate. Experimental size‐exclusion curves can be correlated almost equally well by theories which characterize the gel as a collection of pores or of fibers; differences between these two theories are important only for partition coefficients near zero or unity. The experimental data of Walther et al. can be predicted best by Schnitzer's uniform pore model. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Effect of Initial Total Monomer Concentration on the Swelling Behavior of Cationic Acrylamide-Based Hydrogels

Cited by 192 publications

References 51 publications

Stochastic electrotransport selectively enhances the transport of highly electromobile molecules

Stochastic electrotransport selectively enhances the transport of highly electromobile molecules

Synthesis and properties of soft nanocomposite materials with novel organic/inorganic network structures

Characterization of size-exclusion effects in highly swollen hydrogels: Correlation and prediction

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