Effect of immediate resuscitation on children with submersion injury

Kyriacou, DN; Arcinue, EL; Peek, Corinne; Kraus, JF

doi:10.1016/0300-9572(95)99671-v

Cited by 59 publications

(93 citation statements)

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“…Parents and care givers should be trained in basic CPR techniques, as the sooner that CPR is initiated, the greater the chance of intact survival. 24,25 In addition, health care professionals should remind parents and care givers that bath seats/rings are not safety items and are not a substitute for adult supervision. Infants and toddlers should never be left in the bathtub unsupervised, even for brief moments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Bathtub Seats and Rings in Infant Drowning Deaths

1997

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ABSTRACT. Objective. To describe deaths due to drowning that involve the use of an infant bathtub seat or ring.Design. Case series, cases reported to the US Consumer Product Safety Commission data systems.Setting. United States, 1983-1995. Main Outcome Measures. Death in which an infant bathtub seat or ring was in use at the time of death and the primary cause of death was drowning.Results. Thirty-two drowning deaths involving bath seats/rings were identified and investigated by the Consumer Product Safety Commission over a 13-year period. The majority of deaths (84%) occurred from 1991-1995, with more than 50% occurring in the 2 most recent years. The victims' ages at the time of the incident ranged from 5 to 15 months with a mean and median age of 8 months. In more than 90% of incidents there was a reported lapse in adult supervision, with a mean reported lapse of 6 minutes and a median lapse of 4 minutes. Focus groups with parents found that while making bathing somewhat easier, bath seats/rings are useful for a relatively short time period, as the child rapidly outgrows the product. They also suggested that care givers are more likely to leave a child unattended in the tub if one of these products is in use.Conclusion. Bath seats/rings are associated with an increasing number of reported infant drowning deaths. The use of such products may increase the risk of drowning among infants by increasing the likelihood that an infant will be left alone in the tub. However, in the absence of exposure data in a suitable comparison group it is difficult to assess the overall risk inherent in their use. Educational efforts reinforcing the need for continuous adult supervision of infants and children around all bodies of water should now also include a reminder that bath seats/rings are not safety items and are not a substitute for adult supervision. Infants and toddlers should never be left in the bathtub unsupervised, even for brief moments. Pediatrics 1997;100(4). URL: http://www. pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/100/4/e1; drowning, submersion, infant, bathtub.ABBREVIATIONS. US, United States; CPSC, Consumer Product Safety Commission; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation. D rowning is the third leading cause of unintentional-injury death among children in the United States. 1 Young children under the age of 5 are at particularly increased risk of drowning, with drowning rates peaking among children ages 1 to 2 years. [2][3][4][5] Since the 1970s drowning rates have decreased markedly in most age groups with the exception of toddlers, where rates have remained fairly stable, and infants, where rates may have actually increased. 5 For the 12-year period from 1983-1994, 1219 infants drowned (2.60/100 000 infants), of which 1036 (85%) were coded as unintentional intent. 6 In contrast to toddlers, who are likely to drown in residential swimming pools, 3,7-9 more than 50% of unintentional infant drowning deaths occur in the bathtub. 6 As part of our ongoing investigation of infant and toddler drownings, we became aware of a nu...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Bathtub Seats and Rings in Infant Drowning Deaths

1997

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“…In addition, CPR training 3,5,7,8,28,30,34 ; swimming lessons [7][8][9]35,36 ; water safety training 3,7,28,32 ; posting warning signs, emergency telephone numbers, and CPR instructions by the pool 3,5,7,28,30 ; having a telephone available by the pool 7,28,30 ; and keeping life preservers, life jackets, and a shepherd's crook by the pool 7,30 are also recommended. Each strategy has pros and cons, and some are more practical than others.…”

Section: Wading Pool Submersionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pediatric Submersion Events in Portable Above-Ground Pools in the United States, 2001–2009

Shields

Pollack-Nelson²,

Smith

2011

Pediatrics

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OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to describe the epidemiology of pediatric submersion events occurring in portable pools in the United States. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of fatal and nonfatal submersion events involving children younger than 12 years in portable pools was conducted using injury and fatality data compiled by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission from 2001 through 2009. RESULTS: There were 209 fatal and 35 nonfatal submersion cases reported to the commission from 2001 through 2009. The majority (94%) involved children younger than 5 years, 56% involved boys, 73% occurred in the child's own yard, and 81% occurred during the summer months. The number of submersion events increased rapidly from 2001 to 2005 and then leveled off from 2005 to 2009. CONCLUSIONS: The use of portable pools in residential settings poses a significant risk of submersion-related morbidity and mortality to children, especially in the <5-year-old age group. No single strategy will prevent all submersion deaths and injuries; therefore, layers of protection are recommended. Industry is advised to engage in development of protective devices that are effective and affordable for portable pools, including isolation fencing, pool alarms, and safety covers. A strong and pervasive consumer education campaign is needed to make consumers aware of the dangers of portable pools, because these small, inexpensive, consumer-installed pools may not generate the same sense of risk as an in-ground pool.

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“…16 Previous studies have concluded that medical care for severe submersion episodes contributes minimally to improvements in survival. [17][18][19] Interestingly, we did observe a decrease in the rate of in-hospital deaths over the 14-year period, although the in-hospital case fatality did not change significantly. Although improvements in treatment might be having an impact on survival, it is not clear from these data what level of neurologic functioning survivors may have.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 74%

Trends in US Pediatric Drowning Hospitalizations, 1993–2008

et al. 2012

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BACKGROUND: In the United States, drowning is the second leading cause of unintentional injury death in children aged 1 to 19 years, accounting for nearly 1100 deaths per year. Although a decline in overall fatal drowning deaths among children has been noted, national trends and disparities in pediatric drowning hospitalizations have not been reported. METHODS: To describe trends in pediatric drowning in the United States and provide national benchmarks for state and regional comparisons, we analyzed existing data (1993–2008) from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, the largest, longitudinal, all-payer inpatient care database in the United States. Children aged 0 to 19 years were included. Annual rates of drowning-related hospitalizations were determined, stratified by age, gender, and outcome. RESULTS: From 1993 to 2008, the estimated annual incidence rate of pediatric hospitalizations associated with drowning declined 49% from 4.7 to 2.4 per 100 000 (P < .001). The rates declined for all age groups and for both males and females. The hospitalization rate for males remained consistently greater than for females at each point in time. Rates of fatal drowning hospitalization declined from 0.5 (95% confidence interval, 0.4–0.7) deaths per 100 000 in 1993–1994 to 0.3 (95% confidence interval, 0.2–0.4) in 2007–2008 (P < .01). No difference was observed in the mean hospital length of stay over time. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric hospitalization rates for drowning have decreased over the past 16 years. Our study provides national estimates of pediatric drowning hospitalization that can be used as benchmarks to target and assess prevention strategies.

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Effect of immediate resuscitation on children with submersion injury

Cited by 59 publications

References 0 publications

The Role of Bathtub Seats and Rings in Infant Drowning Deaths

The Role of Bathtub Seats and Rings in Infant Drowning Deaths

Pediatric Submersion Events in Portable Above-Ground Pools in the United States, 2001–2009

Trends in US Pediatric Drowning Hospitalizations, 1993–2008

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