Effect of Ruellia tuberosa L. on aorta endothelial damage‐associated factors in high‐fat diet and streptozotocin‐induced type 2 diabetic rats

Abstract

Hyperglycemia plays crucial roles in vascular disease development, including macrovascular and microvascular diseases from diabetes mellitus (DM). Our previous study demonstrated that Ruellia tuberosa L. (RTL) aqueous and ethanol extracts alleviate hyperglycemia and inhibit insulin resistance in diabetic rats. This study investigated the protective effect of RTL ethanol extract against aorta dysfunction in high‐fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced type 2 DM (T2DM) rats. Results showed that RTL ethanol extract (100 and 400 mg/kg BW/day) ameliorated serum lipid profiles, including triglyceride, free fatty acid, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. It also significantly reduced the level of serum cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐6 in T2DM rats. Additionally, RTL extract decreased endothelin‐1 and endothelial nitric oxide contents, reduced the level of cell adhesion factors, including monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 and cell adhesion factor vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1, while decreasing content of damage factors, namely tissue factor and von Willebrand factor in aortic tissues of diabetic rats. Equally noteworthy is that RTL extract enhanced the activity of aorta antioxidative enzymes, including superoxidase dismutase and catalase in diabetic rats, suggesting that RTL ethanol extract may ameliorate aorta dysfunction via enhancing aortic antioxidative enzyme activity, which subsequently suppresses aorta endothelial damage‐associated factors in HFD with STZ‐induced T2DM rats.

Alleviative effect of Ruellia tuberosa L. on NAFLD and hepatic lipid accumulation via modulating hepatic de novo lipogenesis in high‐fat diet plus streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats

“…Insulin resistance has been proved to cause abnormal regulation of lipolysis in peripheral adipocytes, leading to massive release of FFA into blood (Petersen & Shulman, 2006). Our previous study has revealed that RTLW and RTLE may alleviate hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia via improving insulin resistance in HFD/STZ‐induced type 2 diabetic rats (Chang et al., 2018; Ko et al., 2019). In the normal condition, hepatic triglyceride of less than 5% is derived from endogenous lipid synthesis in the liver.…”

“…Moreover, RTL may also possess the ability to regulate blood glucose and lipid balance in alloxan-induced diabetic rats (Manikandan, Arokia, & Doss, 2010;Rajan, Kumar, Kumar, Swathi, & Haritha, 2012). Our previous study revealed that RTL ameliorates hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia in high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T2DM rats (Ko et al, 2018(Ko et al, , 2019. However, there are limited studies in the literature focusing on the effect of RTL on hepatic lipid metabolism in T2DM.…”

Lactobacillus plantarumTWK10‐fermented soymilk improves cognitive function in type 2 diabetic rats

“…Moreover, Long et al . reported that the Ca 2+ /CaM/eNOS signaling pathway could enhance insulin sensitivity 32–34 …”

“…32 Moreover, Long et al reported that the Ca 2+ /CaM/eNOS signaling pathway could enhance insulin sensitivity. [32][33][34] Xi and coworkers. found that the CaM, CaMKII/pCaMKII, and CREB/pCREB protein expression levels were downregulated after amyloid-beta administration and that genistein could reverse this altered expression.…”

Identification of Bioactive Components from Ruellia tuberosa L. on Improving Glucose Uptake in TNF-α-Induced Insulin-Resistant Mouse FL83B Hepatocytes

“…Ruellia tuberosa L. (RTL) is a herb plant that has been used as folk medicine to cure diabetes in Asian countries for decades. Our previous studies have demonstrated that RTL aqueous or ethanolic extracts can significantly improve glucose uptake in C2C12 myoblasts, alleviate the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- α -induced IR in skeletal muscles, and ameliorate hyperglycemia, IR indices, and aorta dysfunction in high-fat-diet-fed streptozotocin-induced T2DM rats [ 7 , 8 ]. Additionally, RTL ameliorated abnormal hepatic detoxification, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and lipid accumulation in the liver of T2DM rats [ 9 , 10 ].…”