Effect of Hypercapnia on CSF Turnover and Blood-CSF Barrier to Protein

Hochwald, G. M.; Malhan, C.; Brown, Janet

doi:10.1001/archneur.1973.00490210030002

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Even though we should be aware of the differences between species, Oppelt et al [6] reported significant inhibition by using the lowest pCO 2 (10 mmHg), and negative results were reported with a relatively higher pCO 2 (16 and 20 mmHg) [2,5]. No effect on the CSF secretion rate resulting from hypercapnia was shown in our experiments, which is in agreement with most of the previous reports [3,4,6].…”

supporting

confidence: 91%

“…Meanwhile, the effect of hypocapnia was not observed in a report on an experiment on dogs (pCO 2 ϭabout 20 mmHg [2]). In the hypercapnia, no effects were found on the CSF production in three reports on studies employing rabbits (18% CO 2 inhalation [3]), dogs (pCO 2 ϭ76 mmHg [6]), and cats (pCO 2 ϭ 80.9 mmHg [4]). However, Martins et al [5] found a 20% inhibition in monkeys (pCO 2 ϭ58Ϯ9.5 mmHg), and Heisey et al [12] reported on a complicated relationship between the CSF production rate and the perfusion pressure of the cerebrocisterna in cats (pCO 2 ϭ 51Ϯ3.5 mmHg).…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…This suggested that the formation of CSF might be altered by carbon dioxide. However, we have seen conflicting results in regard to the influence of hypercapnia and hypocapnia on CSF formation [2][3][4][5][6]. To confirm the effects of CO 2 , we developed a new method to measure local CSF turnover rate in the lateral ventricle of the rat brain.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of pCO2 on the CSF Turnover Rate in Rats Monitored by Gd-DTPA Enhanced T1-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Takamata

Seo²,

Ogino³

et al. 2001

JJP

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Hypercapnia produces a vasodilatation of the cerebral vasculature with an increase in cerebral blood flow and hypocapnia causes vasoconstriction with a decrease in cerebral blood flow. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure was increased by hypercapnia and decreased by hypocapnia [1]. This suggested that the formation of CSF might be altered by carbon dioxide. However, we have seen conflicting results in regard to the influence of hypercapnia and hypocapnia on CSF formation [2][3][4][5][6]. To confirm the effects of CO 2 , we developed a new method to measure local CSF turnover rate in the lateral ventricle of the rat brain.Several methods have been developed to measure the rate of CSF production, based on (i) drainage of CSF from the cisterna magna or aqueduct; (ii) clearance of injected substances, such as inulin or dextran; and (iii) ventriculocisternal perfusion. The drainage technique was the earliest, and it was a direct attempt to measure the CSF production rate [7]. This method was applied in experiments using large animals such as dogs and cats, but it is not suitable for small animals such as rats and mice. The ventriculocisternal perfusion method [8] employs an inflow-cannula, inserted into a lateral ventricle, and an outflow-cannula in the cisterna magna. An artificial CSF is pumped in Key words: 1 H MRI, production of cerebrospinal fluid, hypocapnia, hypercapnia, carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Abstract:The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion of rat was monitored by longitudinal relaxation time-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (T 1 -weighted MRI) in combination with a ventricular injection of a T 1 -relaxation reagent: gadolinium-diethylene triamine-N,N,NЈ,NЉ,NЉ-pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA). A cannula was inserted in the left lateral ventricle, and 5 l of 8.5 mM Gd-DTPA was injected as a CSF marker. Changes in the image intensity of the CSF were measured every 30 s, and the turnover rate of CSF (k) in the left lateral ventricle was obtained from the dilution of Gd-DTPA, based on the assumption of a single compartment model. In the control conditions, k was 0.158Ϯ0.009 min Ϫ1 at an arterial blood CO 2 tension (pCO 2 ) of 38.6Ϯ2.2 mmHg (nϭ10), which corresponds to the CSF secretion rate of 3.6 l min Ϫ1. The k value was decreased (0.078Ϯ0.010 min Ϫ1, nϭ4) by a carbonic-anhydrase inhibitor (acetazolamide). The turnover rate was decreased by hypocapnia (0.094Ϯ0.019 min Ϫ1, pCO 2 ϭ24.7Ϯ 2.9 mmHg, nϭ4), and it increased gradually and reached a plateau level as a result of hypercapnia (0.194Ϯ0.011 min Ϫ1, pCO 2 ϭ104.5Ϯ7.1 mmHg, nϭ10). These results suggested that CO 2 upregulates the secretion of CSF in the rat.

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supporting

confidence: 91%

mentioning

confidence: 96%

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Effects of pCO2 on the CSF Turnover Rate in Rats Monitored by Gd-DTPA Enhanced T1-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Takamata

Seo²,

Ogino³

et al. 2001

JJP

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“…It is known that decreased CP flow is associated with decreased CSF production, therefore it is possible that increased CP flow might lead to increased CSF production. However, it is generally accepted that CSF formation does not increase with increased CP blood flow (CPBF), based on studies where CSF formation was not increased after CPBF was increased by hypercapnia, atriopeptin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (39)(40)(41). CSF outflow resistance is increased in experimental bacterial meningitis in the rabbit (42); however, this is thought to be due to direct injury to the arachnoid granulations, and like brain edema, would not be transient.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha on cerebral oxygen uptake, cerebrospinal fluid lactate, and cerebral blood flow in the rabbit: role of nitric oxide.

Tureen

1995

J. Clin. Invest.

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Among the important pathophysiologic alterations in the brain in bacterial meningitis are abnormalities of cerebral circulation and metabolism; however, the precise mechanisms by which these disturbances occur are not completely delineated. It has been recently recognized that cytokines are produced by tissues in the central nervous system in meningitis and play a critical role in the host inflammatory response. Because these mediators are involved in circulatory and metabolic disturbances in other tissues in sepsis, we investigated the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the central nervous system in a rabbit model. We found that injection of recombinant human TNF into the cisterna magna in the rabbit led to an acute reduction in cerebral oxygen uptake and a more prolonged reduction in cerebral blood flow. This was accompanied by an increase in intracranial pressure and an increase in cerebrospinal fluid lactate. Reduction in oxygen uptake and increases in intracranial pressure and CSF lactate were blocked by pretreatment with L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. Reduction in cerebral blood flow was not affected by L-NAME treatment and was due to increased cerebrovascular resistance and reduced oxygen demand. These results suggest that TNF may be a critical mediator of changes in cerebral circulation and metabolism and that some of these changes occur via the nitric oxide pathway. (J. Clin. Invest. 1995.

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“…was also increased by hypercapnia (Evans et al 1976). Hochwald et al (1973) found that c.s.f. 422 C.S.F.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of cerebrospinal fluid bicarbonate by the cat choroid plexus.

Husted¹,

Reed²

1977

The Journal of Physiology

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1. The regulation of cerebrospinal fluid (c.s.f.) bicarbonate concentration was studied using the cat choroid plexus isolated in a chamber in situ. 2. Decreases in plasma bicarbonate concentration caused relatively small changes in the c.s.f. bicarbonate concentration. 3. Alterations in c.s.f. bicarbonate concentration (c.s.f. HCO3‐=9 or 28 m‐equiv/l.) were countered by changes in the bicarbonate concentration of the fluid produced by the plexus or in the rate of bicarbonate transport which returned c.s.f. bicarbonate towards normal. 4. There was significant regulation of pH in the choroid plexus fluid during hypocapnia and hypercapnia. 5. Alterations of plasma acid‐base status did not significantly alter the potential difference across the choroid plexus. However, the potential difference increased when c.s.f. bicarbonate was increased and decreased when c.s.f. bicarbonate was decreased. 6. The data indicate that the bicarbonate concentration in the c.s.f. is actively regulated by the choroid plexus during acid‐base disturbances occurring either systemically or in the c.s.f.

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Effect of Hypercapnia on CSF Turnover and Blood-CSF Barrier to Protein

Abstract: Formation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Cited by 21 publications

References 19 publications

Effects of pCO2 on the CSF Turnover Rate in Rats Monitored by Gd-DTPA Enhanced T1-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Effects of pCO2 on the CSF Turnover Rate in Rats Monitored by Gd-DTPA Enhanced T1-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Effect of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha on cerebral oxygen uptake, cerebrospinal fluid lactate, and cerebral blood flow in the rabbit: role of nitric oxide.

Regulation of cerebrospinal fluid bicarbonate by the cat choroid plexus.

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