“…Different surface modification techniques and hybrid compositions are used in titanium implants to increase their surface bioactivity. These techniques include the sol-gel method [ 4 , 5 , 6 ], plasma spraying method [ 7 ], ion implantation [ 8 ], laser surface modification [ 9 ], electrophoretic deposition [ 10 ], anodic oxidation [ 11 ], ultrasonic method [ 12 ], biomimetic mineralization process [ 13 ], spark plasma sintering (SPS) [ 14 ], cold vacuum spray [ 15 ], hydrothermal method [ 16 ], and plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) [ 3 , 17 , 18 ]. The PEO is known as micro-arc oxidation and is used to produce ceramic coatings with various thicknesses and higher hardness on generally light metals and their alloys.…”