Effect of husbandry system on broken bones and bone strength in hens

Ng, Guseva; Wilkins, LJ; Kestin, SC; Belyavin, C. G.; Alvey, DM

doi:10.1136/vr.128.17.397

Cited by 29 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…1999a). These observations are consistent with those that have shown that slower‐growing chickens demonstrate significant increases in adult bone strength when maintained in conditions that promote greater load‐bearing movement (Gregory et al. 1991; Fleming et al.…”

Section: Determining the Effects Of Embryonic Hyperactivitysupporting

confidence: 92%

Early effects of embryonic movement: ‘a shot out of the dark’

Pitsillides

2006

Journal of Anatomy

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It has long been appreciated that studying the embryonic chick in ovo provides a variety of advantages, including the potential to control the embryo's environment and its movement independently of maternal influences. This allowed early workers to identify movement as a pivotal factor in the development of the locomotor apparatus.With an increasing focus on the earliest detectable movements, we have exploited this system by developing novel models and schemes to examine the influence of defined periods of movement during musculoskeletal development. Utilizing drugs with known neuromuscular actions to provoke hyperactivity (4-aminopyridine, AP) and either rigid (decamethonium bromide, DMB) or flaccid (pancuronium bromide, PB) paralysis, we have examined the role of movement in joint, osteochondral and muscle development. Our initial studies focusing on the joint showed that AP-induced hyperactivity had little, if any, effect on the timing or scope of joint cavity elaboration, suggesting that endogenous activity levels provide sufficient stimulus, and additional mobilization is without effect. By contrast, imposition of either rigid or flaccid paralysis prior to cavity formation completely blocked this process and, with time, produced fusion of cartilaginous elements and formation of continuous single cartilaginous rods across locations where joints would ordinarily form. The effect of these distinct forms of paralysis differed, however, when treatment was initiated after formation of an overt cavity; rigid, but not flaccid, paralysis partly conserved precavitated joints. This observation suggests that 'static' loading derived from 'spastic' rigidity can act to preserve joint cavities. Another facet of these studies was the observation that DMB-induced rigid paralysis produces a uniform and specific pattern of limb deformity whereas PB generated a diverse range of fixed positional deformities. Both also reduced limb growth, with different developmental periods preferentially modifying specific osteochondral components. Changes in cartilage and bone growth induced by 3-day periods of flaccid immobilization, imposed at distinct developmental phases, provides support for a diminution in cartilage elaboration at an early phase and for a relatively delayed influence of movement on osteogenesis, invoking critical periods during which the developing skeleton becomes receptive to the impact of movement. Immobilization also exerts differential impact along the proximo-distal axis of the limb. Finally, our preliminary results support the possibility that embryonic hyperactivity influences the potential for postnatal muscle growth.

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Section: Determining the Effects Of Embryonic Hyperactivitysupporting

confidence: 92%

Early effects of embryonic movement: ‘a shot out of the dark’

Pitsillides

2006

Journal of Anatomy

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“…Even brief exposures of hens to housing systems that allow for increased static and dynamic loading of bones improved skeletal quality (Meyer and Sunde, 1974;Newman and Leeson, 1998). In contrast, rearing pullets in deep litter and then switching them to conventional or furnished cages for egg laying had a negative effect on bone strength at end of lay as compared with chickens kept in cages their entire life cycle (Gregory et al, 1991;Vits et al, 2005). Perhaps the floorreared pullets when placed in cages reacted to the new environment by displaying less activity.…”

Section: Skeletal Healthmentioning

confidence: 90%

Hen welfare in different housing systems

et al. 2011

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Egg production systems have become subject to heightened levels of scrutiny. Multiple factors such as disease, skeletal and foot health, pest and parasite load, behavior, stress, affective states, nutrition, and genetics influence the level of welfare hens experience. Although the need to evaluate the influence of these factors on welfare is recognized, research is still in the early stages. We compared conventional cages, furnished cages, noncage systems, and outdoor systems. Specific attributes of each system are shown to affect welfare, and systems that have similar attributes are affected similarly. For instance, environments in which hens are exposed to litter and soil, such as noncage and outdoor systems, provide a greater opportunity for disease and parasites. The more complex the environment, the more difficult it is to clean, and the larger the group size, the more easily disease and parasites are able to spread. Environments such as conventional cages, which limit movement, can lead to osteoporosis, but environments that have increased complexity, such as noncage systems, expose hens to an increased incidence of bone fractures. More space allows for hens to perform a greater repertoire of behaviors, although some deleterious behaviors such as cannibalism and piling, which results in smothering, can occur in large groups. Less is understood about the stress that each system imposes on the hen, but it appears that each system has its unique challenges. Selective breeding for desired traits such as improved bone strength and decreased feather pecking and cannibalism may help to improve welfare. It appears that no single housing system is ideal from a hen welfare perspective. Although environmental complexity increases behavioral opportunities, it also introduces difficulties in terms of disease and pest control. In addition, environmental complexity can create opportunities for the hens to express behaviors that may be detrimental to their welfare. As a result, any attempt to evaluate the sustainability of a switch to an alternative housing system requires careful consideration of the merits and shortcomings of each housing system.

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“…A presença de poleiros em gaiolas, por exemplo, está associada à redução na incidência de fraturas em poedeiras. Gaiolas com poleiros possibilitam maior oportunidade para o exercício físico e indicaram ser benéficas à mineralização óssea e resistência à fraturas (Gregory et al, 1991;Kopka et al, 2003). Uma vantagem extra da presença de poleiros foi a redução no canibalismo durante o período de postura (Gunnarsson et al, 1999).…”

Section: Implementando Práticas Sustentáveis Na Produção De Ovosunclassified

Ações sustentáveis na produção de ovos

Mazzuco

2008

R. Bras. Zootec.

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A busca por indicadores de sustentabilidade nas cadeias produtivas tornou-se urgente em função da crescente exigência dos consumidores por informações que antes não eram consideradas na escolha de um produto, levando-se em conta as implicações éticas e ambientais na produção de um alimento, agora observados como atributos essenciais de qualidade e segurança alimentar. Como definição geral e simplificada, os sistemas sustentáveis de produção de alimentos devem ser socialmente responsáveis, economicamente viáveis, garantir a saúde e o bem-estar humanos e animal, e a proteção ao meio-ambiente. Dentro desse contexto, as agroindústrias vem adaptando-se às mudanças, no sentido de atender às exigências dos mercados através da implementação de práticas sustentáveis na produção de alimentos. Ações objetivas para alcance dos propósitos de sustentabilidade na produção de alimentos devem basear-se em princípios de boas-práticas de produção (BPP) considerando a abordagem integral ("from farm to fork"), que tem evoluído para uma estratégia ainda mais abrangente, "from gene to fork" em termos das implicações dos conceitos de rastreabilidade e transparência em toda a cadeia produtiva. Conforme definição da FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) existe dez categorias ou programas a serem trabalhados dentro do escopo das boas práticas:

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Effect of husbandry system on broken bones and bone strength in hens

Cited by 29 publications

References 0 publications

Early effects of embryonic movement: ‘a shot out of the dark’

Early effects of embryonic movement: ‘a shot out of the dark’

Hen welfare in different housing systems

Ações sustentáveis na produção de ovos

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