Effect of Human Neural Crest-Related Stem Cell Homing (hNCSCs homing) on the Mineralization of Newly Formed Alveolar Bone using an Allogen Bone Substitute

Abstract

The therapies to regenerate periimplant bone tissues have attracted lots of attention these years. Neural crest-related stem cells (NCSCs), a group of cells containing heterogeneous stem/progenitor cells, are capable of homing to injured tissues and participating in periimplant bone regeneration. The amplification of autologous NCSCs potential in homing for self-repair/regeneration, therefore, might be considered as an alternative therapy except for traditional cell transplantation. However, the knowledge of the NCSCs homing and participation in bone regeneration is still known little. Cell homing has been regarded as a process of exit of hematopoietic stem cells from blood vessels by trans endothelization and subsequent migration. Here we broadly define cell homing as active recruitment of endogenous cells, including stem/progenitor cells, into an anatomic compartment. Accordingly, research is becoming increasingly focused on the homing and stimulation of native cells.For the purpose of directly observing NCSCs involvement in periimplant bone repair, different animal models were established to make their oral-derived NCSCs reconstituted with cells regenerating periimplant bone tissues. Here, we present a histological study for delivering homing factors to the site of implant placement by incorporation to allogen bone substitute as stem cell carrier material. We further show therapeutic strategies focusing on the stimulation of endogenous cells to support periimplant bone repair. NCSCs were found to aggregate in the periimplant niches and emerge in newly-formed bones or fibers. Some of them also co-expressed markers of fibroblasts or osteoblasts. These results indicated that NCSCs might contribute to the formation of new fibers and periimplant bone tissue during periimplant bone regeneration. In conclusion, we speculated that autologous NCSCs can shift into the surgical sites created by implant placement and participating in periimplant bone tissue repair.

Neural crest-like stem cells for tissue regeneration

“…The results showed that LiCl activated canonical Wnt signaling and promoted the proliferation and odontogenic differentiation of hfNCCs, suggesting that hfNCCs may be a good candidate for tooth regeneration 117 . As adult tissue‐derived NCLSCs can undergo osteogenic differentiation in vitro, they are a promising cell source for bone regeneration 118,119 . NCLSCs isolated from excised human oral mucosa could generate spheres that were multipotent and capable of self‐renewal in vitro 118 .…”

Isolation of Skeletal Muscle-derived Cells Modeling Neural Crest-Derived Stem Cells for Therapeutic Use in Regenerative Periodontology

“…The results show how spheroids and adherent cells; similar in morphology to neurospheres and resultant NC-SCs isolated from heterogeneous suspensions of NCCs 17,25 , can be derived from samples of mammalian skeletal muscle treated with both mechanical and enzymatic techniques. The handling and preparation of skeletal muscle-derived cells was performed analogous to the preparation of oral-derived NCSCs as detailed in publications of our research group [25][26][27]29,30 . Before addressing the hypothesis and research question of this project; data from this report and similar research must be considered to assess whether mechanical dissociation is a viable alternative to enzymatic digestion for the isolation of therapeutic stem cells.…”

“…Cultures were established from a varied cohort of rat tissue samples and grown, as monolayers, serum-free, and under sphere-aggregation conditions to induce and identify a NCSC-like phenotype. We have characterized oral-derived NCSC cultures from different tissue sources by immunocytochemistry and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction in our earlier publications [25][26][27]29,30 . Here, we tried to handle and preparate skeletal muscle-derived cells performed analogous to the preparation of oral-derived NCSCs.…”

“…• fluorescence-activated cell sorting 23,24 • selective culturing conditions for growth as shown as neurosphere-like structures 25 • explant technique 26 Only pluripotent stem cells exceed the cellular plasticity displayed by isolated adult multipotent neural crest-derived stem cells (NC-SCs). The hard palate presents as an accessible source of craniofacial tissue for the procurement of neural crest-related cells 25 .…”

“…The isolation of cellular elements is considered as a minimal-invasive access in periodontal surgery 30,17 . Several alternative, nonenzymatic methods of palatal tissue processing have been developed to obtain via minimal mechanical manipulation an autologous NC-SC product intended for delivery, reducing the procedure duration, decreasing regulatory burden, and shortening the translation into the clinical setting 26 . Ideally, these procedures might allow for the integration of harvesting and processing of palatal tissue for ease of transferring, in a single procedure utilizing a nonexpanded cellular product at the point of periodontal regeneration, while permitting intraoperative autologous NC cellular-based periodontal regenerative therapies.…”