Effect of High β‐Palmitate Content in Infant Formula on the Intestinal Microbiota of Term Infants

Yaron, Sima; Shachar, Dina; Abramas, Lee; Riskin, A. M.; Bader, David A.; Litmanovitz, Ita; Bar-Yoseph, Fabiana; Cohen, Tzafra; Levi, Liora; Lifshitz, Yael; Shamir, Raanan; Shaoul, Ron

doi:10.1097/mpg.0b013e31827e1ee2

Cited by 105 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…However, DXA measurements were available only for a sub-group of subjects, and bone mineral content of the radius obtained using single photon absorptiometry in all infants did not differ between groups (Kennedy et al, 1999). A small study (Yaron et al, 2013) evaluated the effect of formula with high sn-2 palmitate compared with a formula with low sn-2 palmitate on infant gut microbiota composition, reporting increases in Clostridium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus numbers, but only by plate counting and without providing further characterisation of the bacterial groups analysed to infer possible physiological/clinical consequences of the changes reported. One study which investigated the effect of sn-2 palmitate on blood lipids found lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1 concentrations and higher apolipoprotein B concentrations in the group being fed high sn-2 palmitate formula (Nelson and Innis, 1999), but the relevance of this finding in infants is unknown.…”

Section: Molecular Speciation Of Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Products¹

2014

EFSA Journal

272

124

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formula. This opinion reviews the opinion provided by the Scientific Committee on Food in 2003 on the essential requirements of infant and follow-on formulae in light of more recent evidence and by considering the Panel's opinion of October 2013 on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union. The minimum content of a nutrient in formula proposed in this opinion is derived from the intake levels the Panel had considered adequate for the majority of infants in the first six months of life in its previous opinion and an average amount of formula consumed during this period. From a nutritional point of view, the minimum contents of nutrients in infant and follow-on formula proposed by the Panel cover the nutritional needs of virtually all healthy infants born at term and there is no need to exceed these amounts in formulae, as nutrients which are not used or stored have to be excreted and this may put a burden on the infant's metabolism. Therefore, the Panel emphasises that maximum amounts should be interpreted not as target values but rather as upper limits of a range which should not be exceeded. There is scientific consensus that breast milk is the preferred food for all healthy infants and provides an adequate supply of all nutrients to support growth and development (with the exception of vitamin K during the first weeks of life and of vitamin D). Whereas the composition of infant formula remains stable over time, breast milk composition changes continuously and therefore infant formula cannot imitate breast milk. © EuropeanAll formulae intended for infants must be safe and suitable to meet the nutritional requirements and promote growth and development of infants born at term when used as a sole source of nutrition during the first months of life, and when used as the principal liquid element in a progressively diversified diet after the introduction of appropriate complementary feeding. Nutrients and substances should be added to formulae for infants only in amounts that serve a nutritional or other benefit. The addition in amounts higher than those serving a benefit or the inclusion of unnecessary substances in formulae may put a burden on the infant's metabolism and/or on other physiological functions, as substances which are not used or stored have to be excreted.The minimum content of a nutrient in formula proposed in this opinion is derived from the intake levels the Panel had considered adequate for the majority of infants in the first half of the first year of life in its previous opinion and an average amount of daily energy intake from formula during this period (500 kcal/day). These minimum amounts should be understood as target values which cover the nutritional needs of virtually all infants born at term for optimal growth and devel...

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Section: Molecular Speciation Of Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Products¹

2014

EFSA Journal

272

124

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“…Protein, both its'source (whey, a-lactalbumin) and amount, lactose, low phosphor, iron and lipids (b-palmitate) are also bifidogenic. 8 Prebiotics and composition of GI microbiota Short-chain (sc) prebiotics are mainly fermented in the cecum and colon ascendens. Long chain (lc) OS are fermented along the entire colon.…”

Section: Prebiotics Gut Metabolic Activity and Bifidogenic Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prebiotics in infant formula

2014

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The gastrointestinal microbiota of breast-fed babies differ from classic standard formula fed infants. While mother's milk is rich in prebiotic oligosaccharides and contains small amounts of probiotics, standard infant formula doesn't. Different prebiotic oligosaccharides are added to infant formula: galacto-oligosaccharides, fructo-oligosaccharide, polydextrose, and mixtures of these. There is evidence that addition of prebiotics in infant formula alters the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota resembling that of breastfed infants. They are added to infant formula because of their presence in breast milk. Infants on these supplemented formula have a lower stool pH, a better stool consistency and frequency and a higher concentration of bifidobacteria in their intestine compared to infants on a non-supplemented standard formula. Since most studies suggest a trend for beneficial clinical effects, and since these ingredients are very safe, prebiotics bring infant formula one step closer to breastmilk, the golden standard. However, despite the fact that adverse events are rare, the evidence on prebiotics of a significant health benefit throughout the alteration of the gut microbiota is limited.

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“…However, compared with breastfed infants, the FF group stool in the early 3 months of life was less soft (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01157390). sn-2 palmitate, such as increasing beneficial gut flora [15,16] and reducing infant crying [17]. According to our knowledge, this is the first study examining an infant formula with milk fat, prebiotics and structured lipids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, it was demonstrated in both preterm and term infants that by increasing the proportion of sn-2 position palmitate in the formula not only that the excretion of palmitate and associated calcium soaps in the stool is reduced and calcium absorption subsequently increased, but also stool hardness is reduced [14]. During the last years, the importance of a fat structure which is similar to that of human milk fat, was further revealed by additional benefits known for human milk, that were demonstrated for infant formula with high sn-2 palmitate, such as increasing beneficial gut flora [15,16] and reducing infant crying [17]. According to our knowledge, this is the first study examining an infant formula with milk fat, prebiotics and structured lipids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tolerance and Efficacy of Infant Formula with High Sn-2 Palmitate in Formula-Fed Chinese Term Infants: an Open Label, Controlled Trial

Chen¹

2016

JNHFE

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Objectives:We assessed the efficacy of high sn-2 palmitate infant formula as compared with breast-milk in healthy full-term Chinese infants.Methods: Seventy five term infants, aged 14 days or less, appropriate for gestational age (34 formula-fed and 41 breast-fed) were recruited to this openlabel controlled multi-center trial. Formula fed infants were assigned to receive a formula with high sn-2-palmitate (40% of the palmitic acid is esterified to the sn-2 position of the triglyceride).Results: Anthropometric measurements of growth were done at randomization, and at 6 and 12 weeks postnatal age. Three-day records were completed by parents on stool characteristics and infants' wellbeing; face-to-face interviews were conducted according to a structured questionnaire. At 6 and 12 weeks of age, all infants presented normal growth parameters. Hard stools were not reported in both groups; however, the FF infants had less stools per day and a lower stool consistency score. The formula fed infants cried longer compared to the breastfed infants. There were no significant differences between the two groups in adverse effects. Conclusions:The formula containing high sn-2 palmitate had similar effect to breastfeeding on body growth, prevention of hard stools, and maintaining wellbeing in Chinese term infants. However, compared with breastfed infants, the FF group stool in the early 3 months of life was less soft (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01157390). sn-2 palmitate, such as increasing beneficial gut flora [15,16] and reducing infant crying [17]. According to our knowledge, this is the first study examining an infant formula with milk fat, prebiotics and structured lipids. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of SN-2 palmitate infant formula in Chinese infants compared to breastfed infants. Keywords Materials and Methods Study design and participantsThe study was designed as a multi-center, open-label controlled, 12 weeks study. Healthy term infants, appropriate for gestation age (AGA) with normal birth weight (2500-4000 g) were eligible for the study. The recruitment process was carried out by qualified pediatricians in local hospitals or maternal and Child Health Care centers located in the districts of Guangzhou and Hengyang, China. The infants were screened, using a standardized structured questionnaire, and had a physical examination by a qualified medical team. Exclusion criteria included infants with a congenital abnormality, suspected chromosomal or metabolic disorder or infants receiving medications at the first week of life. Infants of mothers with a health condition or socioeconomic problems that may interfere with their ability to take care of their infants were also excluded. The recruitment of formula fed infants (FF group) followed a maternal unequivocal decision not to breastfeed; the recruitment of breastfed infants (BF group) followed a maternal commitment to breastfeeding for at least 12 weeks. In this open-label, controlled, multi-center trial, we used per-protocol analysis, exa...

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Effect of High β‐Palmitate Content in Infant Formula on the Intestinal Microbiota of Term Infants

Abstract: HBP formula beneficially affected infant gut microbiota by increasing the Lactobacillus and bifidobacteria counts in fecal stools.

Cited by 105 publications

References 40 publications

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Prebiotics in infant formula

Tolerance and Efficacy of Infant Formula with High Sn-2 Palmitate in Formula-Fed Chinese Term Infants: an Open Label, Controlled Trial

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