Effect of Herbicides on In Vivo Nitrate and Nitrite Reduction

Abstract

The effects of herbicides on in vivo nitrate and nitrite reduction were determined by vacuum infiltrating sections of barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) or bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) leaves with solutions containing nitrate and herbicides. Herbicides causing a reduction of nitrite accumulation in the dark were considered to have inhibitory effects upon nitrate reduction and those causing an accumulation of nitrite in the light were considered to inhibit nitrite reduction. Only dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) and potassium azide significantly reduced nitrate reduction in both barley and bean. All of the herbicides which inhibit photosynthesis inhibited nitrite reduction but had no significant effect on nitrate reduction in barley and bean. Nitrite reduction in an atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] resistant pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) biotype was not affected by any triazine tested. However, these triazines significantly inhibited nitrite reduction in barley, bean, and the susceptible pigweed biotype. The results suggest that the in vivo nitrate reductase technique may be a useful technique for identifying chemicals which inhibit the flow of electrons to ferredoxin, thereby inhibiting nitrite reduction in light.

Contact activity of difenzoquat differs from that of paraquat

“…Treatment in light with several photosynthesis‐inhibiting herbicides stimulated nitrite accumulation in barley, bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L), and an atrazine‐susceptible biotype of redroot pigweed ( Amaranthus retroflexus L) 25. However, nitrite did not accumulate in an atrazine‐resistant redroot pigweed biotype after treatment with triazine herbicides.…”

Influence of NaCl salinity on the behavior of hydrolases and phosphatases in mulberry genotypes: Relationship to salt tolerance

“…This reaction mixture turned blue because methylviologen acts as a donor for the reduction of NO2 to NH2, as catalyzed by nitrite reductase (Finka et al, 1977). This reaction mixture turned blue because methylviologen acts as a donor for the reduction of NO2 to NH2, as catalyzed by nitrite reductase (Finka et al, 1977).…”

“…Nitrate and nitrite reductases were assayed according to the methods of Hageman and Hucklesby (1971) and Finka et al (1977), respectively. Both leaves and roots were washed with distilled water and used for the enzyme analysis.…”

Effect of herbicides alachlor, metolachlor and oryzalin on soybean (Glycine max) leaf nitrate reductase activity*

“…Several investigators have presented evidence that herbicides used at herbicidal or sublethal rates affect NR activity in a number of crops. Studies in corn with simazine (Tweedy & Ries, 1967), barley with propham and diuron (Chantarotwong & Huffaker, 1971;Finke, Warner & Muzik, 1977), peas and sweet corn with . ?-triazines (Wu, Singh & Salunke, 1972), and in rice with simetryn and benzomarc (Esmama & Juliano, 1976) showed higher in vitro or in vivo NR activity.…”

“…Other studies reported that diuron, simazine, and atrazine in barley (Aslam & Huffaker, 1973) and methabenzthiazuron in wheat (Fedtke, 1973(Fedtke, , 1974 decreased the in vivo but increased the //; vitro NR activity. In barley and bean leaves in vivo NR activity decreased significantly when dinoseb and barban were used (Finke et al, 1977). Alachior reduced significantly NR activity of wheat grown in nutrient solution (Chandler, Croy & Santelmann, 1971).…”