Effect of heat-treated canola meal and glycerol inclusion on performance and gastrointestinal development of Holstein calves

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of using heat-treated canola meal (CM) and glycerol inclusion in starter mixtures on starter intake, growth, and gastrointestinal tract development in Holstein bull calves. In the first study, a protocol for the heat treatment of CM was evaluated by comparing commercial CM that was exposed to 0, 100, 110, or 120°C of heat treatment for 10 min. Following heat treatment, in situ crude protein (CP) ruminal degradability and estimated intestinal CP digestibility were assessed. It was observed that the degradable fractions of dry matter and CP in CM decreased linearly with increasing temperature of heat treatment. The estimated intestinal CP digestibility was greatest when CM was heated to 110°C. In the second study, 28 bull calves were used in a randomized complete block design. Calves were fed pelleted starters containing CM or CM that was heat-treated to 110°C for 10 min. Diets also contained 0 or 5% glycerol on a dry matter basis. The study lasted 51 d, ending on the first day of weaning. Starter intake, average daily gain (ADG), ruminal short-chain fatty acid concentrations, morphology of the rumen and small intestine, gene expression (MCT1, GPR41, GPR43, UTB, AQP3, PEPT1, PEPT2, ATB0+, and EAAC1) in the ruminal, jejunal, and ileal epithelium, and brush border enzyme activities in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were investigated. Few interactions between heat-treated CM and glycerol inclusion were observed. Feeding heat-treated CM did not affect starter intake. However, feeding heat-treated CM to calves tended to reduce ADG and decreased the weight of ruminal and jejunal tissue. Heat treatment did not affect gene expression or brush border enzyme activi-ties in the small intestine. Glycerol inclusion tended to increase cumulative starter intake and increased cumulative body weight gain. Use of glycerol reduced ruminal pH and increased the concentration of ruminal short-chain fatty acids. Additionally, glycerol inclusion increased abomasal, duodenal, jejunal, and cecal digesta weights and tended to increase the weight of the jejunal tissue. Glycerol supplementation tended to downregulate the expression of MCT1 in the ruminal epithelium, and upregulated the expression of MCT1 in the epithelium of proximal jejunum. In conclusion, heat treatment of CM may negatively affect calf growth and gastrointestinal tract development. Glycerol inclusion may increase starter intake, ADG, ruminal fermentation, and intestinal development in calves when CM is used as a main source of protein in pelleted starter mixture.

Canola meal or soybean meal as protein source and the effect of microencapsulated sodium butyrate supplementation in calf starter mixture. I. Performance, digestibility, and selected blood variables

“…Before the start of the studies, power analysis was conducted using PROC POWER of SAS (version 9.4, SAS Institute Inc.) based on the observed standard deviation for ADG in our previous studies, including studies conducted in the same calf barn (Hadam et al, 2016;Burakowska et al, 2020). Assuming possible and meaningful differences of ADG between treatments of 125 g/d (Hadam et al, 2016) and also hypothesized interaction between experimental factors (e.g., at least similar ADG for TSM and TCM-MSB treatments), the statistical power was 0.80 when n = 7 and 0.99 when n = 15, utilizing an α-value of 0.05.…”

Prenatal and Postnatal Nutrition Influence Pancreatic and Intestinal Carbohydrase Activities of Ruminants

“…Others have evaluated the effects of heat-treated canola meal (34% of DM) and glycerol inclusion (5% of DM) of calf starter on small intestinal digestive enzyme activity. Heat-treated canola meal inclusion or glycerol inclusion in calf starter did not affect small intestinal lactase or maltase activities of ruminating calves [81].…”

Increased intake of mono‐ and disaccharides by Reeves's muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi). Effect on gastrointestinal tract structure and function and blood parameters

“…The animals were weighed directly after exsanguination. The GIT was removed, each section was dissected (RR, omasum, abomasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and the colon & rectum) and weighed full (with digesta) and empty (without digesta), and length measurements were taken as described previously (Burakowska et al, 2020; Górka, Śliwiński, Flaga, Olszewski, Nawrocka, et al, 2018). The duodenum and ileum were weighed without digesta, due to the negligible volume of digesta in those sections.…”

“…Digesta and tissue samples were collected as described previously (Burakowska et al, 2020; Górka, Śliwiński, Flaga, Olszewski, Nawrocka, et al, 2018), with minor modifications. For gene expression analysis, rumen papillae (~200 mg) were clipped from the Atrium ruminis and the ventral rumen using sterile scissor and forceps, instead of manual stripping the epithelium from the muscle layer.…”