Effect of glutamate on inflammatory responses of intestine and brain after focal cerebral ischemia

Xu, Lei; Sun, Jie; Lu, Ran; Ji, Qing; Xu, Jianguo

doi:10.3748/wjg.v11.i5.733

Cited by 43 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…It has been shown that the glutamate system is involved in the pathogenesis of I/R in brain and intestine [30] . Glutamate release and NMDA receptor activation induces nitric oxide, and other free radicals that cause tissue injury [31] .…”

Section: Issnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ketamine anesthesia reduces intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats

Cámara¹,

Guzmán²,

Barrera³

et al. 2008

WJG

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showed significantly less injury in rats that received ketamine than in rats that did not (2.35 ± 1.14 vs 4.58 ± 0.50, P < 0.0001). The distance traveled by a marker, expressed as percentage of total intestinal length, in rats that received pentobarbital sodium was 20% ± 2% in comparison with 25.9% ± 1.64% in rats that received ketamine (P = 0.017 INTRODUCTIONMesenteric ischemia is a clinical entity with a mortality rate between 60% and 100% that usually requires surgical resection of the necrotic intestinal segment [1] . Although there have been advancements in the treatment of ischemic injury, an ideal treatment has not been defined, and new options should be considered. A promising strategy is the use of anesthetic and sedative agents that might exert protective effects on the injured tissue. Ketamine is an agent that has been recommended for this purpose in clinical situations of sepsis, renal ischemia, cerebral ischemia and serious burn injuries [2][3][4] . The small intestine is very sensitive to ischemic insult [5] . Reperfusion causes additional damage through the release of free radicals, pro-inflammatory cytokines, leukotrienes and other related products [6] . Intestinal Abstract AIM: To investigate the effects of ketamine anesthesia on the motility alterations and tissue injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion in rats. METHODS: T h i r ty m a l e W i s t a r ra t s w e i g h i n g 200-250 g were used. Ischemia was induced by obstructing blood flow in 25% of the total small intestinal length (ileum) with a vascular clamp for 45 min, after which either 60 min or 24 h of reperfusion was allowed. Rats were either anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg) or ketamine (100 mg/kg). Control groups received sham surgery. After 60 min of reperfusion, the intestine was examined for morphological alterations, and after 24 h intestinal basic electrical rhythm (BER) frequency was calculated, and intestinal transit determined in all groups. RESULTS: The intestinal mucosa in rats that were anesthetized with ketamine showed moderate alterations such as epithelial lifting, while ulceration and hemorrhage was observed in rats that received pentobarbital sodium after 60 min of reperfusion. Quantitative analysis of structural damage using the Chiu scale

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Section: Issnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ketamine anesthesia reduces intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats

Cámara¹,

Guzmán²,

Barrera³

et al. 2008

WJG

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“…Amino acids (e.g., glutamate, glutamine, arginine) and/or small peptides are involved in gene and protein expression, and are associated with PPARγ, NF-κB, and antioxidant defense (Xu et al 2005;Sato et al 2006;Erdmann et al 2008;Ringseis et al 2009;White et al 2009;Wu 2009;Brasse-Lagnel et al 2010;Coeffier and Dechelotte 2010). Small (up to tripeptides) and large (up to 51 amino acids) peptides, possibly including GGC, can be taken up intact through plasma membranes via Na + -coupled peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1) and transporter 2 (PEPT2) in various tissues, such as intestine, brain, eye, kidney, lung, mammary gland, and prostate (RubioAliaga et al 2003;Zhou et al, in press;Chothe et al, 2011), and produce biological effects at the tissue levels (Roberts et al 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

γ-Glutamylcysteine inhibits oxidative stress in human endothelial cells

2012

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“…Amino acids (e.g., glutamate, glutamine, arginine) and/or small peptides are involved in gene and protein expression, and are associated with PPARγ, NF-κB, and antioxidant defense (Xu et al 2005;Sato et al 2006;Erdmann et al 2008;Ringseis et al 2009;White et al 2009;Wu 2009;Brasse-Lagnel et al 2010;Coeffier and Dechelotte 2010). Small (up to tripeptides) and large (up to 51 amino acids) peptides, possibly including GGC, can be taken up intact through plasma membranes via Na + -coupled peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1) and transporter 2 (PEPT2) in various tissues, such as intestine, brain, eye, kidney, lung, mammary gland, and prostate (RubioAliaga et al 2003;Zhou et al, in press;, and produce biological effects at the tissue levels (Roberts et al 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of Gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC) in Ischemia-reperfusion Injury

Omaye¹

2012

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER REPORT DATE July 2012 REPORT TYPE PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBERNevada System of Higher Education Reno, NV 89557-001 SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702-5012 SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACTExperiments were performed to study Gamma-glutamycysteine (GGC) a precursor dipeptide for glutathione (GSH) for its ability to inhibit oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). HUVEC were used as a model to assess cellular biochemical changes that occur in hemorrhagic shock. We found that GGC protects against oxidative stress by alteration of gene expression of antioxidant defense independent of increased induction of endogenous GSH synthesis. In mixture studies looking at the effects of GGC with conjugated linoleic acid in HUVEC, we found that the mixture protected against oxidative stress similar to treatment with GGC alone. Therefore, GGC is likely a unique compound that exerts protection from oxidative stress by novel by modulation of gene expression of antioxidant defense enzymes. We have also develop a sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC) using fluorimetric detection to measure cellular changes in GGC. SUBJECT TERMSOxidative stress, antioxidants, glutathione, gamma-glutamycysteine. Hemorrhagic shock is a leading cause of death in military combat and civilian trauma (Bellamy, 1984; Lieu, et al., 2004). Better understanding of the associated cellular biochemical changes that occur in ischemiareperfusion (IR) injury can lead to efficacious therapies (Thomas et al., 2008). Therefore, we studied the feasibility of using gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC) a dipeptide precursor for glutathione as a potential compound in modulating the oxidative stress associated with IR injury. BODY:Specific goal -Determine GGC doses to inhibit cellular oxidative stress and in...

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Effect of glutamate on inflammatory responses of intestine and brain after focal cerebral ischemia

Cited by 43 publications

References 26 publications

Ketamine anesthesia reduces intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats

Ketamine anesthesia reduces intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats

γ-Glutamylcysteine inhibits oxidative stress in human endothelial cells

Efficacy of Gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC) in Ischemia-reperfusion Injury

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