Effect of gamma irradiation on mistletoe (Viscum album) lectin‐mediated toxicity and immunomodulatory activity

Abstract

This study evaluated the effect of gamma irradiation on the reduction of the toxicity of mistletoe lectin using both in vitro and in vivo models. To extract the lectin from mistletoe, an (NH4)2SO4 precipitation method was employed and the precipitant purified using a Sepharose 4B column to obtain the pure lectin fraction. Purified lectin was then gamma-irradiated at doses of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 kGy, or heated at 100 °C for 30 min. Toxic effects of non-irradiated, irradiated, and heat-treated lectins were tested using hemagglutination assays, cytotoxicity assays, hepatotoxicity, and a mouse survival test and immunological response was tested using cytokine production activity. Hemagglutination of lectin was remarkably decreased (P < 0.05) by irradiation at doses exceeding 10 kGy and with heat treatment. However, lectin irradiated with 5 kGy maintained its hemagglutination activity. The cytotoxicity of lectin was decreased by irradiation at doses over 5 kGy and with heat treatment. In experiments using mouse model, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) levels were decreased in the group treated with the 5 kGy irradiated and heat-treated lectins as compared to the intact lectin, and it was also shown that 5 kGy irradiated and heat-treated lectins did not cause damage in liver tissue or mortality. In the result of immunological response, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL-6) levels were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the 5 kGy gamma-irradiated lectin treated group. These results indicate that 5 kGy irradiated lectin still maintained the immunological response with reduction of toxicity. Therefore, gamma-irradiation may be an effective method for reducing the toxicity of lectin maintaining the immune response.

Potential effects of gamma irradiation on the stability and therapeutic activity of anticancer drug, doxorubicin

“…Based on the above results, our finding indicates that gamma irradiation clearly decreases the toxicity of doxorubicin on nontarget cells. These results are in agreement with findings of Sung et al (2013) and Kim et al, (2009), who concluded that gamma irradiation could be regarded as a potential method for reducing the immunological toxicity of anti-cancer drugs including doxorubicin. Therefore, the gamma irradiation could be considered as a useful technology for the reduction of the toxicity of the anticancer drug lectin without compromising its bioactivity.…”

“…Dε Â 10 8 f c (Hz) of these drugs to radiation were to enhance their functional activity on tumour cells (Smeltzer et al, 2015;Sung et al, 2013), for sterilization purposes (Maksimenko et al, 2008;Varshney & Dodke, 2004) or to reduce their immunological toxicity (Kim et al, 2009). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation on the structural stability of one of the most famous anticancer drugs, doxorubicin, (DOXO) (Varshney & Dodke, 2004).…”

EFFECT OF GAMMA IRRADIATION ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SAGO PALM (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) CALLI

“…Irradiation technique is more popular than chemical and other physical mutagenesis (IAEA 2012) because irradiation is rapid, convenient and more extensive and the ionizing energy penetrates rapidly through the polysaccharide granule (Bao et al 2005). The most popular irradiation is gamma ray irradiation from Co 60 which is widely used in agriculture (Piri et al 2011) as a mutagenesis agent for large commercial crops like ornamental plants (Barakat and El-Sammak 2011), food crops (IAEA 2012), pharmaceutical plants (Sung et al 2013) and oil palm (Rohani et al 2012).…”

“…It indicates that treatments of gamma irradiation up to 20 Gy increased somatic embryo formation in sago palm. Gamma ray irradiation has been successfully applied in many crops for in vitro mutagenesis (Barakat and El-Sammak 2011;IAEA 2012;Sung et al 2013). The somatic embryos of sago palm were able to regenerate into small shoots in the following 4 to 6 weeks of culture.…”

Evaluation of standardized doctor's orders as an educational tool for undergraduate medical students: a prospective cohort study

“…Inpatient health-care institutions are increasingly adopting disease-specific order sets [1,2] to decrease practice variation, promote evidence-based practice, improve efficiency [3], decrease the rate of medication errors [4,5] and adhere to practice guidelines [6,7]. Available quantitative research is limited and has been done by few institutions to assess the impact of disease-specific standardized orders.…”