Effect of frustrative nonrelief upon shock-escape behavior in the double runway.

Abstract

The Aiiiscliaii frustration effect (Fl£) was studied in a double runway with shock escape instead o[ food reward. Rats ran down the first runway while receiving shock which terminated upon entry into the middle goal box. After 8 sec. of no shock (relief), shock was turned on in the middle goal box for 2 sec. and then the exit door was raised in order for the rat to escape through a shocked second runway for relief in the final goal box. After 15 such relief trials, half of the trials then involved frustration where entry into the middle goal box did not terminate shock and 2 sec. later the exit door was raised and the rat continued as before. The rats ran slower after frustration than relief, hi a second experiment, this "reversed" FE did not appear until the twentieth trial, when running to the first goal box was partially reinforced from the beginning.

Effects of positive and negative force-contingent reinforcement on the frustration effect in humans.

“…With respect to negative reinforcement, a comparatively small amount of research has been reported. Although Lambert and Hammond (1970) were unable to obtain an FE in rats using escape from shock as a negative reinforcer in a double runway, Graham and Longstreth (1970) did obtain FEs in rats in a double-runway study in which shock escape served as the negative reinforcer. The primary purpose of the present study was to extend the investigation of the effects of termination of negative reinforcement (avoidance of monetary loss) on the FE to the realm of human behavior.…”

The Modification of Breathing Behavior

“…In subsequent research on a force-discrimination task with human subjects, Blixt and Ley (1969) demonstrated the frustration effect following positive reinforcement, and Ditkoff and Ley (1974) demonstrated the effect following negative reinforcement. Although the frustration effect has been studied extensively (e.g., Amsel, 1958;Daly, 1974;Graham & Longstreth, 1970;Lambert & Hammond, 1970;Levine & Loesch, 1967;Ryan & Watson, 1968), no physiological correlates of frustration were reported until Otis and Ley (1993) studied the time course of the frustration effect in a forcediscrimination task. Aside from discovering that the effect is shortlived in humans, Otis and Ley (1993) found a positive correlation (r = .74) between the magnitude of the frustration response (force on a reset lever) and the amplitude of the electrodermal response (i.e., increase in electrical conductivity of skin) only for that group which demonstrated the frustration effect (i.e., brief delay).…”

Rats anticipate damaged rungs on the elevated ladder: Applications for rodent models of Parkinson's disease

“…That is, as they reduce their walking speeds as they approach an anticipated wider gap in the ladder they would greatly increase their speeds above BL when leaving it and continue toward the end of the ladder. More traditional one-way escape/ avoidance tasks in double runway (Lambert & Hammond, 1970;Miller & Woods, 1975;C andido et al, 2002) and alternating lever pressing (Quirt & Cohen, 1974) preparations have shown such reliable \relief-like", positive contrast e®ects. The main goal in this study was to determine whether these e®ects based on traditional associative learning theory will also be found in a ladder rung walking task by rats encountering undetectable gaps between its rungs.…”