Effect of freeze–thaw damage on chloride ingress into concrete

Keßler, Sylvia; Thiel, Charlotte; Große, Christian U.; Gehlen, Christoph

doi:10.1617/s11527-016-0984-4

Cited by 61 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Initially, in the early 1950s, two types of admixtures were used, which included chloride and non-chloride [1,7,21,22]. However, full-scale applications revealed that chloride-based (calcium and sodium) chemical admixtures increased the corrosion of the steel reinforcement and promoted water uptake into the concrete [23]. Chlorides are also used to remove ice from roads and pedestrian paths which can cause the surface scaling of structures if exposed to freeze-thaw cycles [24].…”

Section: Ordinary Portland Cement (Opc)-based Concretementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, due to the silica fume, the coarser pore size is decreased, and so more and smaller pores retain the same pore volume [90]. The frost durability of the silica fume composite concrete can be enhanced either by lowering the w/b ratio or by reducing the volume of the capillary pores, consequently leading to less scaling [23,[91][92][93][94]. The presence of the amorphous silica fume altered the frost damage mechanism and acted as a strength accelerator due to the formation of a denser microstructure having a lower water penetration during freezing.…”

Section: Composite Portland Cement-based Concretesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of the Mechanical Properties and Durability of Ecological Concretes in a Cold Climate in Comparison to Standard Ordinary Portland Cement-Based Concrete

et al. 2020

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Most of the currently used concretes are based on ordinary Portland cement (OPC) which results in a high carbon dioxide footprint and thus has a negative environmental impact. Replacing OPCs, partially or fully by ecological binders, i.e., supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) or alternative binders, aims to decrease the carbon dioxide footprint. Both solutions introduced a number of technological problems, including their performance, when exposed to low, subfreezing temperatures during casting operations and the hardening stage. This review indicates that the present knowledge enables the production of OPC-based concretes at temperatures as low as −10 °C, without the need of any additional measures such as, e.g., heating. Conversely, composite cements containing SCMs or alkali-activated binders (AACs) showed mixed performances, ranging from inferior to superior in comparison with OPC. Most concretes based on composite cements require pre/post heat curing or only a short exposure to sub-zero temperatures. At the same time, certain alkali-activated systems performed very well even at −20 °C without the need for additional curing. Chemical admixtures developed for OPC do not always perform well in other binder systems. This review showed that there is only a limited knowledge on how chemical admixtures work in ecological concretes at low temperatures and how to accelerate the hydration rate of composite cements containing high amounts of SCMs or AACs, when these are cured at subfreezing temperatures.

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Section: Ordinary Portland Cement (Opc)-based Concretementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Composite Portland Cement-based Concretesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Mechanical Properties and Durability of Ecological Concretes in a Cold Climate in Comparison to Standard Ordinary Portland Cement-Based Concrete

et al. 2020

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“…In the past few decades, considerable studies have been conducted by employing experimental, analytical and numerical approaches to investigate the single factor effect of mechanical loading or FTCs on the ingress of aggressive ions into concrete 18–28 . Some efforts have been made to investigate the effect of uniaxial compressive loading on capillary absorption, water/gas permeability and chloride migration in concrete.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupled effects of sustained compressive loading and freeze–thaw cycles on water penetration into concrete

Bao

Xue

Zhang

et al. 2020

Structural Concrete

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The combined action of sustained loading and freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) plays an important role in the durability and service life of concrete exposed to the cold coastal area. Water transport is a primary factor closely pertaining to freeze–thaw damage in concrete, and the microcracks induced by sustained loading could provide a flow path to facilitate water penetration into concrete. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on water penetration behavior of ordinary and air‐entrained concrete (OC and AC) subjected to sustained compressive loading and FTCs. Aiming at the combined effects of low compressive stress ratio and FTCs on water transport, a series of water absorption and permeability experiments with the stress ratio of 0, 0.3, and 0.5 after various FTCs were conducted. The relative dynamic elastic modulus and mass loss were afterwards measured to characterize the frost damage within concrete. The experimental results indicated that the sustained compressive loading and frost action have significant influences on capillary water absorption and permeability for the OC and AC specimens. Both the initial coefficient of capillary absorption and water permeability coefficient increase with the increase of FTCs, while they initially decrease and later increase with the increase of compressive stress ratio.

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“…Due to the various environmental conditions of concrete structures, the mechanism of durability deterioration is complex. For instance, carbonization [2], freeze-thaw damage [3][4][5], acid rain [6,7], and ion erosion [8][9][10][11][12] can directly affect the durability of concrete structures. It is necessary to take into account the in-service environmental condition when it comes to the design of new concrete structures and the evaluation and maintenance of existing concrete structures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Fuzzy and Rough Sets to Environmental Zonation for Concrete Durability: A Case Study of Shaanxi Province, China

et al. 2020

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The durability of concrete structures is influenced by various factors, and the durability damage mechanism is different when the structure is in different environmental conditions. This will have implications for improving the durability of concrete structures and extending its service life if the special environmental condition is taken into account in the durability design. Aimed at the environmental zonation for concrete durability, this paper investigated the durability factors influencing concrete structures in Shaanxi Province, China, including atmospheric temperature, precipitation, corrosive gas, and acid rain. The variations of the above-mentioned factors were analyzed and the indexes of environmental zonation were proposed. According to the zoning principle, the weights of zoning indexes calculated using fuzzy rough sets were used to divide Shaanxi Province into three first-level zones, namely the Freeze-Thaw Cycle Zone, the Neutralization–Freeze-Thaw Interaction Zone, and the Neutralization Zone. These three zones were then subdivided into nine second-level zones. The main mechanism of concrete deterioration and the environmental characteristics of all zones were then analyzed. The method proposed in this paper puts forward clear zoning indexes and quantifies them, which can improve the quality and accuracy of the zoning results. Moreover, the research achievements are helpful for engineers to reduce the impact of the environment on structure and the maintenance cost during the structural service life to a certain extent.

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Effect of freeze–thaw damage on chloride ingress into concrete

Cited by 61 publications

References 14 publications

A Review of the Mechanical Properties and Durability of Ecological Concretes in a Cold Climate in Comparison to Standard Ordinary Portland Cement-Based Concrete

A Review of the Mechanical Properties and Durability of Ecological Concretes in a Cold Climate in Comparison to Standard Ordinary Portland Cement-Based Concrete

Coupled effects of sustained compressive loading and freeze–thaw cycles on water penetration into concrete

Application of Fuzzy and Rough Sets to Environmental Zonation for Concrete Durability: A Case Study of Shaanxi Province, China

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