Effect of four different canopy shapes on apple yields

Campbell, J. M.; Nicol, H. I.; Cullis, Brian R

doi:10.1071/ea9960489

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The low early CY for SY is attributable to lower yields in the first two cropping years (data not shown), likely a result of the severe early pruning mentioned earlier. Heavy pruning is known to delay bearing and encourage vegetative growth (Campbell et al, 1996;Miller, 1984). Despite a "slow start", the SY was an efficient training system and required little pruning (Table 2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canopy Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of 'Royal Gala' Apple Trees Grown for Eight Years in Five Tree Training Systems

Hampson¹,

Quamme²,

Brownlee³

2002

HortSci

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In 1993, a planting of virus-free 'Royal Gala' apple (Malu×domestica Borkh.) on 'M.9' rootstock was established at Summerland, B.C., Canada, to determine whether angled-canopy training systems could improve orchard tree performance relative to slender spindles. The trees were trained in one of five ways: slender spindle (SS), Geneva Y-trellis (GY), a modified Solen training we called 'Solen Y-trellis' (SY), or V-trellis (LDV), all at the same spacing (1.2 m × 2.8 m), giving a planting density of 2976 trees/ha. In addition, a higher density (7143 trees/ha) version of the V-trellis (HDV) was planted to gauge the performance of this system at densities approaching those of local super spindle orchards. The plots were drip-irrigated and hand-thinned. No summer pruning was done. After 8 years, differences among training systems at the same density and spacing were small and few. The two Y-shaped training systems had 11% to 14% greater cumulative yield/ha than the SS, but did not intercept significantly more light at maturity. No consistent differences occurred in fruit size or the percentage of fruit with delayed color development among the four training systems at the same density. Relative to the LDV, the HDV yielded less per tree, but far more per hectare, particularly in the first 3 years. After 8 years, the cumulative yield/ha was still 65% greater than with LDV. Yield efficiency was unaffected by tree density. Fruit size on HDV ranked lowest among the systems nearly every year, but was still commercially acceptable. The HDV intercepted more light (73%) than SS (53%). The percentage of fruit with delayed color development in HDV was not significantly different from that for LDV in most years. The trees in HDV were difficult to contain within their allotted space without summer pruning. The substantially similar performance of all the training systems (at a given density, and with minimal pruning) suggests that cost and ease of management should be the decisive factors when choosing a tree training method.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canopy Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of 'Royal Gala' Apple Trees Grown for Eight Years in Five Tree Training Systems

Hampson¹,

Quamme²,

Brownlee³

2002

HortSci

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“…Yield/ha harvested from trees trained as VA was not signifi cantly diff erent from that of H-Super S, although the number of trees in VA was three and a half time less than that in H-Super S. Th e early high yield may be a result of less pruning in VA compared to other training systems. Heavy pruning is known to delay bearing (Campbell et al 1996;Miller 1984). Th is yield superiority of VA was not observed in subsequent two years.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early performance of cv. Jonagold apple on M.9 in five tree training systems

Özkan¹,

Yıldız²,

Küçüker³

et al. 2012

Hort. Sci. (Prague)

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The effects of five training systems on tree growth, fruit yield and some fruit characteristics were assessed in Jonagold apple cv. grafted on M.9 rootstock. The trees were trained in one of five ways: slender spindle (SS; 4,761 trees/ha), vertical axis (VA; 2,857 trees/ha), hytec (HT; 1,904 tree/ha) and two different tree densities of super spindle (L-Super S with 5,000 trees/ha; H-Super S with 10,000 trees/ha). Trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) was higher in HT and VA than SS, L-Super S and H-Super S in the 4<sup>th</sup> year. While HT had the highest cumulative yield/tree, the lowest cumulative yield was observed in H-Super S. Although HT had the highest yield/ tree, it ranked the last in cumulative yield efficiency (CYE) due to high TCA. The highest (CYE) was measured in trees trained as L-Super S. When cumulative yields (CY)/ha were evaluated, the yield advantage of high density planting was clearly evident for the first three cropping years. H-Super S systems (10,000 trees/ha) had the highest CY/ha and achieved a yield of 91.24 t/ha in year 4. HT (1,904 trees/ha) had the lowest CY/ha (33.46 t). Training systems had no consistent effect on average fruit diameter, weight, firmness, soluble solid and titratable acidity.  

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“…The model also generated specific predictions of behaviour. Orchardists modify tree architecture for a number of reasons such as to increase fruit-yield and reduce occurrence of some pests and diseases [ 48 , 50 ] but impact on tephritid movement and host-finding success does not appear to have been investigated specifically. To investigate differences in movement patterns of B .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…tryoni behaviour in different types of tree architecture, a vase-shaped tree has been created for simulation. This is similar to the closed-canopy tree, but vegetation cubes have been removed from the central part of canopy ( Fig 5 ) as is done in some Australian orchards [ 48 , 49 ]. The vase-shaped canopy is considered to consist of lower, middle and upper parts, each approximately one-third the height of the canopy and containing 75 green vegetation cubes and 2 host fruit.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Generic Individual-Based Spatially Explicit Model as a Novel Tool for Investigating Insect-Plant Interactions: A Case Study of the Behavioural Ecology of Frugivorous Tephritidae

et al. 2016

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Computational modelling of mechanisms underlying processes in the real world can be of great value in understanding complex biological behaviours. Uptake in general biology and ecology has been rapid. However, it often requires specific data sets that are overly costly in time and resources to collect. The aim of the current study was to test whether a generic behavioural ecology model constructed using published data could give realistic outputs for individual species. An individual-based model was developed using the Pattern-Oriented Modelling (POM) strategy and protocol, based on behavioural rules associated with insect movement choices. Frugivorous Tephritidae (fruit flies) were chosen because of economic significance in global agriculture and the multiple published data sets available for a range of species. The Queensland fruit fly (Qfly), Bactrocera tryoni, was identified as a suitable individual species for testing. Plant canopies with modified architecture were used to run predictive simulations. A field study was then conducted to validate our model predictions on how plant architecture affects fruit flies’ behaviours. Characteristics of plant architecture such as different shapes, e.g., closed-canopy and vase-shaped, affected fly movement patterns and time spent on host fruit. The number of visits to host fruit also differed between the edge and centre in closed-canopy plants. Compared to plant architecture, host fruit has less contribution to effects on flies’ movement patterns. The results from this model, combined with our field study and published empirical data suggest that placing fly traps in the upper canopy at the edge should work best. Such a modelling approach allows rapid testing of ideas about organismal interactions with environmental substrates in silico rather than in vivo, to generate new perspectives. Using published data provides a saving in time and resources. Adjustments for specific questions can be achieved by refinement of parameters based on targeted experiments.

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Effect of four different canopy shapes on apple yields

Cited by 8 publications

References 13 publications

Canopy Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of 'Royal Gala' Apple Trees Grown for Eight Years in Five Tree Training Systems

Canopy Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of 'Royal Gala' Apple Trees Grown for Eight Years in Five Tree Training Systems

Early performance of cv. Jonagold apple on M.9 in five tree training systems

A Generic Individual-Based Spatially Explicit Model as a Novel Tool for Investigating Insect-Plant Interactions: A Case Study of the Behavioural Ecology of Frugivorous Tephritidae

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