Effect of Flurazepam, Pentobarbital, and Caffeine on Arousal Threshold

Bonnet, Michael H.; Webb, Wilse B.; Barnard, George W.

doi:10.1093/sleep/1.3.271

Cited by 40 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Bonnet et al (1979) have found a similar pattern of increased arousal threshold for flurazepam and pentobarbital, and Johnson et al (1979) found the same increase in arousal threshold for flurazepam as that reported by Bonnet et al (1979).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Dose level effects of triazolam on sleep and response to a smoke detector alarm

Johnson¹,

Spinweber²,

Webb³

et al. 1985

PsycEXTRA Dataset

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

,.,-.. -. V SUMMARYIncreasing attention is being given to the relative effects of hypnotic dose level on efficacy, sleep structure and next-day performance. This paper presents the results of .25 mg and .5 mg of triazolam on efficacy, sleep stages and awakening to a smoke detector when compared to each other and to subjects receiving a placebo. METHODSubjects were 36 male poor sleepers (sleep-onset insomnia), mean age 20.1 + 3.0 years, who received similar capsules of either placebo or triazolam at 21.00 h for five consecutive nights. Bed time was 22.00-05.00 h and sleep EEGs were recorded and scored according to usual procedures.On nights I and 4, a standard home smoke % detector alarm was sounded during Stage 2, 5 min after sleep onset; in slow wave sleep (SWS); and at the time of the morning awakening.The alarm registered 78 dB SPL at the pillow. Reaction time (RT) to a button press was recorded. If the subjects did not respond after three, 1-min alarms were sounded, a "no response" was scored for that trial. RESULTS.1 -Sleep. Compared to placebo, both dose levels significantly reduced sleep latency, but they did not differ from each other. Other efficacy measures followed a similar pattern.Compared to the placebo group, drug subjects had significantly more Stage 2, less SWS, and an increase in REM latency. Delta count was similar to SWS and spindle rate per minute (high to low) was .5 mg, .25 mg, and placebo. There were no consistent dose-level effects.Smoke Detector. On the first smoke detector night, all placebo subjects awakened to each presentation of the alarm. For the hypnotic groups, two .25 mg subjects and one i i.5 mg subjects failed to awaken at the sleep-onset presentation. Six in both hyp-"' notic groups (50%) failed to awaken during SWS. The RT for those who were awakened was consistently longer for the drug groups, but these differences were statistically 2 significant from placebo only during SWS.The respective SWS RT (secs) for .5 mg, .25 mg, and placebo subjects were 51 + 52.1, 50 + 55.2, and 13 ± 8.7. All subjects awoke to the morning presentation with similar RTs, <10 sec for the 3 groups.Though the drug group showed some sensitization to the alarm or hypnotic tolerance on the second detector night, 3 subjects (2 in the .25 mg group and 1 in the .5 group) failed to awaken to Stage 2 alarm. Five subjects in the .25 mg group and 4 subjects in the .5 mg group failed to awaken during SWS.The EEG arousal and behavioral response latencies were shorter for those who were awakened, and response latencieswere not significantly different from the placebo group. CONCLUSIONIn this sample of young adult poor sleepers, .25 mg was as effective as .5 mg of triazolam. The changes in sleep structure were less for the lower dose level. But both dose levels were similar in reducing the likelihood that subjects taking "-. triazolam would awaken to a smoke detector during the first third of a night's sleep.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

“…Objective measures of arousal threshold (Bonnet et al 1979;Johnson et al 1979;Spinweber and Johnson 1982;Johnson and Spinweber 1983) have confirmed these subjective reports, but the effects of dose level on arousal threshold have not been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Dose level effects of triazolam on sleep and response to a smoke detector alarm

Johnson¹,

Spinweber²,

Webb³

et al. 1985

PsycEXTRA Dataset

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In university, 43% chose 'sleep until the last moment' as a description of behavior. Consuming caffeine may be viewed as an adaptive strategy, however, as it has been found to shift the phase of circadian rhythm in mammals and humans [Bonnet et al, 1979;Ehret et al, 1975] and to reduce daytime sleepiness after sleep restriction [Lumley et al, 1987]. More extensive use of coffee and tea has also been reported for E-types in other studies [e.g., Ishihara et al, 1985].…”

Section: Alertness and Coping Strategies And Behaviors For An 'mentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental Perspectives on Morningness-Eveningness and Social Interactions

et al. 1999

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Developmental perspectives on sleep/wake rhythmicity have been neglected in research, yet evidence from chronobiological sources, infant sleep data, and adult light treatment studies suggest continuities in individual differences in internal synchronization to light-dark cycles. Developmental systems suggest maintenance through strong contextual constraints, perturbed only by unusual alterations in social demands and light exposure, such as shift work. Retrospective data from university students, employing the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), supported predicted continuity of sleep/wake patterns and associated states of alertness and fatigue as a function of time of day as well as relations with different patterns of social interactions with parents over daily routines in childhood and adolescence. Eveningness is related to greater difficulty meeting familial and social demands for morning performance than Morningness.

show abstract

“…Several studies have shown that nocturnal auditory arousal thresholds can serve as a sensitive measure for evaluating the effects of hypnotic drugs. In normal sleepers, phenobarbitone 100 mg and flurazepam 30 mg significantly increased auditory arousal thresholds from Stage 2 sleep whereas caffeine 400mg significantly decreased thresholds (Bonnet et al, 1979). An increase in auditory arousal threshold was found after the administration of flurazepam 30 mg to poor sleepers (Johnson et al, 1979).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…There were no significant differences between any two active drug conditions on any trial. (Bonnet et al, 1979). This corresponds to the period of maximum performance decrements following this dose of the drug (Roth et al., 1977).…”

Section: Back-to-sleep Latencymentioning

confidence: 99%