Effect of excess Fluoride consumption on Urine-Serum Fluorides, Dental state and Thyroid Hormones among children in “Talab Sarai” Punjab Pakistan

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>190 children aged 7-18 years from an endemic fluorotic village “Talab Sarai (n = 130) and a non-fluorotic, control, village “Ottawa” (n = 60) were selected for comparison. Children were examined for fluoride (F-) concentration in drinking water, urine, and serum as well as Dental fluorosis (DF) and thyroid hormone levels. The mean concentration of water fluoride (WF) in the sample group was 6.23 mg/L, urine fluoride (UF) 3.38 mg/L, and serum fluoride (SF) 0.21 mg/L, while DF was 93.07%. Significant elevations (<jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = 0.000) in the concentration of all these four variables were observed in sample group children as compared to control. Mean Free Tetra-iodothyronine (FT4), Free Tri-iodothyronine (FT3) and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) concentrations in the sample group were 16.64pmol/L, 5.57 pmol /L and 4.41 mlU/L, respectively. No marked difference in FT4 (<jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = 0.1) was noted, while significant elevations in FT3 and TSH (<jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = 0.000) were found in the sample relative to the control group. 80% of the children displayed clear thyroid hormonal derangements, with 36.92% having high TSH and 43.07% with FT3 and FT4 disorders. A moderate to strong correlation among WF, UF, SF and DF (r = 0.94, 0.60, 0.60, 0.72) and a very strong correlation between WF and TSH (r = 0.9) were observed. Our results suggest that excess F- level that is four times greater than the “safe limit” is not only increasing fluoride concentration in body fluids but is also affecting thyroid hormones in 4 out of 5 children which could lead to abnormal physical and mental growth in later developmental stages.</jats:p>

Quantitative fluoride imaging of teeth using CaF emission by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

“…In addition, fluoride exposure has been associated with chronic kidney disease in children, 18,19,22 neurological impairment 23,24 and hormonal imbalance. 25–27…”

“…In addition, uoride exposure has been associated with chronic kidney disease in children, 18,19,22 neurological impairment 23,24 and hormonal imbalance. [25][26][27] Numerous methods have been used to identify and quantify uoride in different matrices, typically requiring matrix dissolution prior to analysis. Well established techniques for uoride determination are ion selective electrode (ISE) 28,29 and ion chromatography (IC).…”

Iodine Status in Pregnant Women Having Urinary Fluoride in Contaminated Areas: A Case Study of Phayao Province

“…Pregnancies were antibody-negative, and group serum TSH was enhanced, while FT3 diminished with gestation. [ 79 ] found enhanced TSH levels in occupants of an endemic fluorosis area with sufficient iodine absorption [ 57 ]. Zulfiqar et al [ 80 ] compared the [ 80 ] mean concentration of water fluoride (WF) in the sample group and control group.…”

Mechanisms of Fluoride Toxicity: From Enzymes to Underlying Integrative Networks

“…Investigations from endemic areas demonstrate that the thyroid gland is sensitive concerning fluoride burden [108,109]. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).…”

“…A recent study from an endemic fluorosis village, Talab Sarai in Pakistan, with a high content of fluoride in the drinking water (6.23 mg F/L) found teeth fluorosis in 93% of 130 investigated children with the age of 12 ± 3.3 years. Eighty percent of the children displayed clear thyroid hormonal derangements, with 37% having high TSH and 43% with T3 and T4 disorders [109].…”